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Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.110 and 1.224

-version 1.110, 2006/01/25 00:51:50
+version 1.224, 2016/07/01 13:16:01
  Line 1
  /* $Id$
    $State$
    $Log$
+   Revision 1.224  2016/07/01 13:16:01  brouard
+   Summary: Fixes
+   Revision 1.223  2016/02/19 09:23:35  brouard
+   Summary: temporary
+   Revision 1.222  2016/02/17 08:14:50  brouard
+   Summary: Probably last 0.98 stable version 0.98r6
+   Revision 1.221  2016/02/15 23:35:36  brouard
+   Summary: minor bug
+   Revision 1.219  2016/02/15 00:48:12  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.218  2016/02/12 11:29:23  brouard
+   Summary: 0.99 Back projections
+   Revision 1.217  2015/12/23 17:18:31  brouard
+   Summary: Experimental backcast
+   Revision 1.216  2015/12/18 17:32:11  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r4 Warning and status=-2
+   Version 0.98r4 is now:
+    - displaying an error when status is -1, date of interview unknown and date of death known;
+    - permitting a status -2 when the vital status is unknown at a known date of right truncation.
+   Older changes concerning s=-2, dating from 2005 have been supersed.
+   Revision 1.215  2015/12/16 08:52:24  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r4 working
+   Revision 1.214  2015/12/16 06:57:54  brouard
+   Summary: temporary not working
+   Revision 1.213  2015/12/11 18:22:17  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r4
+   Revision 1.212  2015/11/21 12:47:24  brouard
+   Summary: minor typo
+   Revision 1.211  2015/11/21 12:41:11  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r3 with some graph of projected cross-sectional
+   Author: Nicolas Brouard
+   Revision 1.210  2015/11/18 17:41:20  brouard
+   Summary: Start working on projected prevalences
+   Revision 1.209  2015/11/17 22:12:03  brouard
+   Summary: Adding ftolpl parameter
+   Author: N Brouard
+   We had difficulties to get smoothed confidence intervals. It was due
+   to the period prevalence which wasn't computed accurately. The inner
+   parameter ftolpl is now an outer parameter of the .imach parameter
+   file after estepm. If ftolpl is small 1.e-4 and estepm too,
+   computation are long.
+   Revision 1.208  2015/11/17 14:31:57  brouard
+   Summary: temporary
+   Revision 1.207  2015/10/27 17:36:57  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.206  2015/10/24 07:14:11  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.205  2015/10/23 15:50:53  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r3 some clarification for graphs on likelihood contributions
+   Revision 1.204  2015/10/01 16:20:26  brouard
+   Summary: Some new graphs of contribution to likelihood
+   Revision 1.203  2015/09/30 17:45:14  brouard
+   Summary: looking at better estimation of the hessian
+   Also a better criteria for convergence to the period prevalence And
+   therefore adding the number of years needed to converge. (The
+   prevalence in any alive state shold sum to one
+   Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
+   Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
+   Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98r0
+   - Some new graphs like suvival functions
+   - Some bugs fixed like model=1+age+V2.
+   Revision 1.200  2015/09/09 16:53:55  brouard
+   Summary: Big bug thanks to Flavia
+   Even model=1+age+V2. did not work anymore
+   Revision 1.199  2015/09/07 14:09:23  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98q6 changing default small png format for graph to vectorized svg.
+   Revision 1.198  2015/09/03 07:14:39  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98q5 Flavia
+   Revision 1.197  2015/09/01 18:24:39  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.196  2015/08/18 23:17:52  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98q5
+   Revision 1.195  2015/08/18 16:28:39  brouard
+   Summary: Adding a hack for testing purpose
+   After reading the title, ftol and model lines, if the comment line has
+   a q, starting with #q, the answer at the end of the run is quit. It
+   permits to run test files in batch with ctest. The former workaround was
+   $ echo q | imach foo.imach
+   Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
+   Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
+   Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98q4
+   Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
+   Summary: Fixing some outputs
+   Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
+   Summary: Some fixes
+   Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
+   Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
+   Fix 1+age+.
+   Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98q2
+   Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
+   Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
+   Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
+   working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
+   but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
+   Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
+   Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
+   Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
+   Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
+   Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
+   We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
+   incidence on the results, but better justifications;
+   We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
+   wrong results.
+   Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
+   Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
+   Author: Nicolas Brouard
+   Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
+   Summary: Comments on Powell added
+   Author:
+   Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
+   Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
+   Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
+   Summary: back to OS/X
+   Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
+   Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
+   Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
+   Summary: Still in cross-compilation
+   Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
+   Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
+   Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
+   Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
+   Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
+   Summary: Back from Visual C
+   Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
+   Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
+   Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
+   The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
+   Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
+   Summary: 0.98p
+   Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
+   Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
+   Summary: update
+   Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
+   Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
+   Testing on Linux 64
+   Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
+   Summary: After compiling on Visual C
+   * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
+   Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
+   Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
+   * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
+   Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
+   * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
+   Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
+   Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
+   Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
+   Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
+   Author:
+   Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
+   Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
+   Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
+   Summary: WIN32
+   Author: Brouard
+   Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
+   Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
+   Author: Brouard
+   In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
+   and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
+   just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
+   Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
+   Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
+   Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
+   Summary: New compile, minor changes
+   Author: Brouard
+   Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
+   Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
+   Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
+   Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
+   Author: Brouard
+   Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
+   Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
+   Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
+   Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
+   Author: brouard
+   Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
+   Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
+   Author: Nicolas Brouard
+   Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
+   Summary: Nothing new
+   Author: Brouard
+   Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
+   Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
+   Summary: Merge
+   Author: Brouard
+   Merge, before building revised version.
+   Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
+   Summary: Debugging with valgrind
+   Author: Nicolas Brouard
+   Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
+   After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
+   improve the code.
+   No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
+   continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
+   Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
+   optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
+   the source code.
+   Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
+   Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
+   * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
+   (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
+   Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
+   Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
+   * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
+   Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
+   * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
+   Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
+   Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
+   Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
+   After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
+   I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
+   Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
+   *** empty log message ***
+   Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
+   (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
+   than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
+   Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
+   (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
+   of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
+   get same likelihood as if mle=1.
+   Some cleaning of code and comments added.
+   Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
+   (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
+   Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
+   (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
+   Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
+   just nforces
+   Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
+   Many tings
+   Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
+   Some dimensions resccaled
+   Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
+   (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
+   lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
+   V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
+   Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
+   Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
+   Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
+   (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
+   Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
+   (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
+   imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
+   loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
+   (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
+   compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
+   and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
+   deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
+   computation.
+   In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
+   expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
+   Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
+   (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
+   imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
+   loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
+   Version 0.98h
+   Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
+   Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
+   Forecasting file added.
+   Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
+   Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
+   The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
+   Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
+   * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
+   name. <head> headers where missing.
+   * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
+   English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
+   otherwise the weight is truncated).
+   Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
+.
+   Version 0.98g
+   Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
+   (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
+   English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
+   otherwise the weight is truncated).
+   Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
+.
+   Version 0.98g
+   Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
+   * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
+   * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
+   status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
+   not 1 month. Version 0.98f
+   Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
+   (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
+   status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
+   not 1 month. Version 0.98f
+   Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
+   (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
+   computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
+   Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
+   (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
+   table of variances if popbased=1 .
+   (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
+   (Module): Function pstamp added
+   (Module): Version 0.98d
+   Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
+   (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
+   table of variances if popbased=1 .
+   (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
+   (Module): Function pstamp added
+   (Module): Version 0.98d
+   Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
+   (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
+   varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
+   Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
+   (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
+   Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
+   (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
+   filename with strsep.
+   Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
+   (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
+   datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
+   allocation too.
+   Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
+   (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
+   Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
+   (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
+   (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
+   can be a simple dot '.'.
    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
- Line 55
+ Line 538
    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
-   Agn�s, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
+   Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
- Line 186
+ Line 669
    hPijx.
    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
-   of the life expectancies. It also computes the stable prevalence.
+   of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence.
-   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agn�s Li�vre (lievre@ined.fr).
+ Back prevalence and projections:
-            Institut national d'�tudes d�mographiques, Paris.
+  - back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj)
+     Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination     of covariate values k
+     at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar and returns it in **bprlim. In the loops,
+    - **bprevalim(**bprlim, ***mobaverage, nlstate, *p, age, **oldm, **savm, **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+  - hBijx Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x
+    Computes for any combination of covariates k and any age between bage and fage
+    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+                         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+          - hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
+      Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
+      'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
+      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
+      nhstepm*hstepm matrices. Returns p3mat[i][j][h] after calling
+      p3mat[i][j][h]=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\
+,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
+   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
+            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
    from the European Union.
    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
- Line 215
+ Line 715
        begin-prev-date,...
    open gnuplot file
    open html file
-   stable prevalence
+   period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
-    for age prevalim()
+    for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
-   h Pij x
+                                   | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
-   variance of p varprob
+     freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
+   h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
+    # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
+ 85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
+ 85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
+ 65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
+ 65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
+   variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
+    Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
+    Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
    health expectancies
    Variance-covariance of DFLE
- Line 227
+ Line 739
    varevsij()
    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
    total life expectancies
-   Variance of stable prevalence
+   Variance of period (stable) prevalence
   end
  */
+ /* #define DEBUG */
+ /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
+ /* #define DEBUGLINMIN */
+ /* #define DEBUGHESS */
+ #define DEBUGHESSIJ
+ /* #define LINMINORIGINAL  /\* Don't use loop on scale in linmin (accepting nan) *\/ */
+ #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
+ #define POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST /* Skip test */
+ /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
+ /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
  #include <math.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
+ #ifdef _WIN32
+ #include <io.h>
+ #include <windows.h>
+ #include <tchar.h>
+ #else
  #include <unistd.h>
+ #endif
  #include <limits.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
+ #if defined(__GNUC__)
+ #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
+ #endif
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  #include <errno.h>
- extern int errno;
+ /* extern int errno; */
+ /* #ifdef LINUX */
+ /* #include <time.h> */
+ /* #include "timeval.h" */
+ /* #else */
  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
+ /* #endif */
  #include <time.h>
- #include "timeval.h"
+ #ifdef GSL
+ #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
+ #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
+ #endif
+ #ifdef NLOPT
+ #include <nlopt.h>
+ typedef struct {
+   double (* function)(double [] );
+ } myfunc_data ;
+ #endif
  /* #include <libintl.h> */
  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
- #define MAXLINE 256
+ #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
- Line 262  extern int errno;
+ Line 812  extern int errno;
  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
- #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
+ #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
- #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
+ #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
  #define NINTERVMAX 8
- #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
+ #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
- #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
+ #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
- #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
+ #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
+ #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
+ /*#define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)*/
+ #define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff) (((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1
  #define MAXN 20000
- #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
+ #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
- #define AGESUP 130
+ /* #define AGESUP 130 */
+ #define AGESUP 150
+ #define AGEMARGE 25 /* Marge for agemin and agemax for(iage=agemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= agemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++) */
  #define AGEBASE 40
- #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
+ #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
- #ifdef UNIX
+ #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
- #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
+ #ifdef _WIN32
- #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
- #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
- #else
  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
+ #else
+ #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
+ #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
+ #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
  #endif
  /* $Id$ */
  /* $State$ */
+ #include "version.h"
- char version[]="Imach version 0.98a, January 2006, INED-EUROREVES ";
+ char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
+ char copyright[]="February 2016,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015-2018";
  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$";
- int erreur, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
+ char strstart[80];
- int nvar;
+ char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
- int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
+ int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
+ int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
+ /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
+ int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
+ int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
+ int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
+ int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
+ int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */
+ int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
+ int ncoveff=0; /* Total number of effective covariates in the model */
+ int nqveff=0; /**< nqveff number of effective quantitative variables */
+ int ntveff=0; /**< ntveff number of effective time varying variables */
+ int nqtveff=0; /**< ntqveff number of effective time varying quantitative variables */
+ int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
+ int ncovcombmax=NCOVMAX; /* Maximum calculated number of covariate combination = pow(2, cptcoveff) */
  int npar=NPARMAX;
  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
- int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
+ int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
+ int  nqv=0, ntv=0, nqtv=0;    /* Total number of quantitative variables, time variable (dummy), quantitative and time variable */
  int popbased=0;
  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
- int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
+ int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
- int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
+ int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
- int ijmin, ijmax; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */
+ int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */
- int gipmx, gsw; /* Global variables on the number of contributions
+ int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions
                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
- int mle, weightopt;
+ int mle=1, weightopt=0;
  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
- double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
+ int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
+ double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
+ double **matprod2(); /* test */
  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
- FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
+ double   **ddnewms, **ddoldms, **ddsavms; /* for freeing later */
+ /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
+ FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficresphtm, *ficresphtmfr, *ficrespl, *ficresplb,*ficrespij, *ficrespijb, *ficrest,*ficresf, *ficresfb,*ficrespop;
  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
- int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
+ int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
- long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
+ long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
- Line 326  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
+ Line 903  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
  FILE *ficreseij;
  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ FILE *ficresstdeij;
+ char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ FILE *ficrescveij;
+ char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
  FILE  *ficresvij;
  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
  FILE  *ficresvpl;
  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char title[MAXLINE];
- char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH],  fileresplb[FILENAMELENGTH];
- char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
  int  outcmd=0;
- char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespijb[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
- Line 346  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
+ Line 927  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
- struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
+ /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
- struct timezone tzp;
+ /* struct timezone tzp; */
- extern int gettimeofday();
+ /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
- struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
+ struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
- long time_value;
- extern long time();
+ extern time_t time();
+ struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
+ time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
+ struct tm tm;
  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
  char *endptr;
  long lval;
+ double dval;
  #define NR_END 1
  #define FREE_ARG char*
- Line 380  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
+ Line 967  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
+ /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
+ #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
+ /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
+ /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
+ /* static double dsqrarg; */
+ /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
  static double sqrarg;
  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}
- Line 395  int estepm;
+ Line 987  int estepm;
  int m,nb;
  long *num;
- int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
+ int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *cens;
+ int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
+                    covariate for which somebody answered excluding
+                    undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
+ int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
+                              covariate for which somebody answered including
+                              undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
- double **pmmij, ***probs;
+ double **pmmij, ***probs; /* Global pointer */
+ double ***mobaverage, ***mobaverages; /* New global variable */
  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
  double dateintmean=0;
  double *weight;
  int **s; /* Status */
- double *agedc, **covar, idx;
+ double *agedc;
- int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
+ double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
+                   * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
+                   * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
+ double **coqvar; /* Fixed quantitative covariate */
+ double ***cotvar; /* Time varying covariate */
+ double ***cotqvar; /* Time varying quantitative covariate */
+ double  idx;
+ int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
+ int *Tage;
+ int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
+ /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
+ int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff, *invalidvarcomb;
  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
- double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
+ double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
- double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
+ double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
  /**************** split *************************/
  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
- Line 417  static int split( char *path, char *dirc
+ Line 1027  static int split( char *path, char *dirc
       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
    */
    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
-   int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
+   int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
- Line 428  static int split( char *path, char *dirc
+ Line 1038  static int split( char *path, char *dirc
        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
      /* get current working directory */
      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
-     if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
+ #ifdef WIN32
+     if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
+ #else
+         if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
+ #endif
        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
      }
      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
-   } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
+   } else {                              /* strip directory from path */
      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
-     dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
+     dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
    }
    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
- Line 477  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char
+ Line 1091  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char
    }
  }
+ char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
+ { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
+   char *s;
+   s=out;
+   while (*in != '\0'){
+     while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
+       in++;
+     }
+     *out++ = *in++;
+   }
+   *out='\0';
+   return s;
+ }
+ /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
+ /* { */
+ /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
+ /*   char *s, *t; */
+ /*   t=in;s=out; */
+ /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
+ /*     *out++ = *in++; */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
+ /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
+ /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   in--; chain--; */
+ /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
+ /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
+ /*     *out++ = *in++; */
+ /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   *out='\0'; */
+ /*   out=s; */
+ /*   return out; */
+ /* } */
+ char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
+ {
+   /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
+   /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
+   char *strloc;
+   strcpy (out, in);
+   strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
+   printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
+   if(strloc != NULL){
+     /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
+     memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
+     /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
+   }
+   printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
+   return out;
+ }
+ char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
+ {
+   /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ'
+      and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
+      gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
+      If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
+   */
+   char *s, *t;
+   t=in;s=in;
+   while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
+     *alocc++ = *in++;
+   }
+   if( *in == occ){
+     *(alocc)='\0';
+     s=++in;
+   }
+   if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
+     *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
+     in=s;
+   }
+   while ( *in != '\0'){
+     *blocc++ = *in++;
+   }
+   *blocc='\0';
+   return t;
+ }
+ char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
+ {
+   /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ'
+      and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
+      gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
+      If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
+   */
+   char *s, *t;
+   t=in;s=in;
+   while (*in != '\0'){
+     while( *in == occ){
+       *blocc++ = *in++;
+       s=in;
+     }
+     *blocc++ = *in++;
+   }
+   if (s == t) /* occ not found */
+     *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
+   else
+     *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
+   in=s;
+   while ( *in != '\0'){
+     *alocc++ = *in++;
+   }
+   *alocc='\0';
+   return s;
+ }
  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
  {
    int i,j=0;
- Line 489  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
+ Line 1217  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
    return j;
  }
- void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
+ /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
- {
+ /* { */
-   /* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before first occurence of char 'occ'
+ /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
-      and v starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
+ /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
-      gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
+ /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
-   int i,lg,j,p=0;
+ /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
-   i=0;
+ /*   i=0; */
-   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
+ /*   lg=strlen(t); */
-     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
+ /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
-   }
+ /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
+ /*   } */
-   lg=strlen(t);
+ /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
-   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
+ /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
-     (u[j] = t[j]);
+ /*   } */
-   }
+ /*      u[p]='\0'; */
-      u[p]='\0';
-    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
+ /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
-     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
+ /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
-   }
+ /*   } */
+ /* } */
+ #ifdef _WIN32
+ char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
+ {
+   char *p, *q;
+   if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
+     return 0;
+   if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
+   {
+     *pp = q + 1;
+     *q = '\0';
+   }
+   else
+     *pp = 0;
+   return p;
  }
+ #endif
  /********************** nrerror ********************/
- Line 618  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long
+ Line 1364  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long
    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
    return m;
-   /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1])
+   /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
+ m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
+ that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
     */
  }
- Line 707  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *pre
+ Line 1455  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *pre
    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
    return tmpout;
  }
+ /*************** function subdirfext ***********/
+ char *subdirfext(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
+ {
+   strcpy(tmpout,preop);
+   strcat(tmpout,fileres);
+   strcat(tmpout,postop);
+   return tmpout;
+ }
+ /*************** function subdirfext3 ***********/
+ char *subdirfext3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
+ {
+   /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
+   strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
+   strcat(tmpout,"/");
+   strcat(tmpout,preop);
+   strcat(tmpout,fileres);
+   strcat(tmpout,postop);
+   return tmpout;
+ }
+ char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
+ {
+   long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
+   days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
+   sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
+   hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
+   sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
+   minutes = (sec_left) /60;
+   sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
+   sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);
+   return ascdiff;
+ }
  /***************** f1dim *************************/
  extern int ncom;
- Line 728  double f1dim(double x)
+ Line 1512  double f1dim(double x)
  /*****************brent *************************/
  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)
  {
+   /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
+    * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
+    * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
+    * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
+    * returned function value.
+   */
    int iter;
    double a,b,d,etemp;
-   double fu,fv,fw,fx;
+   double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
-   double ftemp;
+   double ftemp=0.;
    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;
    double e=0.0;
- Line 746  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
+ Line 1536  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
- #ifdef DEBUG
+ #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
- Line 766  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
+ Line 1556  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
        etemp=e;
        e=d;
        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))
-         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
+                                 d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
        else {
-         d=p/q;
+                                 d=p/q;
-         u=x+d;
+                                 u=x+d;
-         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)
+                                 if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)
-           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);
+                                         d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);
        }
      } else {
        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
- Line 781  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
+ Line 1571  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
      if (fu <= fx) {
        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;
        SHFT(v,w,x,u)
-         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)
+       SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)
-         } else {
+     } else {
-           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;
+       if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;
-           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {
+       if (fu <= fw || w == x) {
-             v=w;
+                                 v=w;
-             w=u;
+                                 w=u;
-             fv=fw;
+                                 fv=fw;
-             fw=fu;
+                                 fw=fu;
-           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {
+       } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {
-             v=u;
+                                 v=u;
-             fv=fu;
+                                 fv=fu;
-           }
+       }
-         }
+     }
    }
    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");
    *xmin=x;
- Line 804  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
+ Line 1594  double brent(double ax, double bx, doubl
  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,
              double (*func)(double))
- {
+ { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
+ the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
+ new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
+ values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
+    */
    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
    double fu;
-   *fa=(*func)(*ax);
+   double scale=10.;
-   *fb=(*func)(*bx);
+   int iterscale=0;
+   *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
+   *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
+   /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
+   /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
+   /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
+   /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
+   /* } */
    if (*fb > *fa) {
      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)
-       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)
+     SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)
-       }
+   }
    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);
    *fc=(*func)(*cx);
-   while (*fb > *fc) {
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+   printf("mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
+ #endif
+   while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc. If fc=inf it exits and if flat fb=fc it exits too.*/
      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);
-     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);
+     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); /* What if fa=inf */
      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/
-       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));
+       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
-     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);
+     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
-     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {
+     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
        fu=(*func)(u);
-     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
+       double A, fparabu;
+       A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
+       fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
+       printf("\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
+       /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
+       /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
+         (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
+       /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
+ #endif
+ #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
+ #else
+ /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
+ /* #ifdef DEBUG */
+ /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
+ /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
+ /* #endif */
+ /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
+ /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
+ /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
+ /*      u = *cx; */
+ /*      *cx = dum; */
+ /*      dum = fu; */
+ /*      fu = *fc; */
+ /*      *fc =dum; */
+ /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
+ /* #ifdef DEBUG */
+ /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
+ /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
+ /* #endif */
+ /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
+ /*      u = *cx; */
+ /*      *cx = dum; */
+ /*      dum = fu; */
+ /*      fu = *fc; */
+ /*      *fc =dum; */
+ /*       } */
+ #ifdef DEBUGMNBRAK
+                  double A, fparabu;
+      A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
+      fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
+      printf("\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
+ #endif
+       dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
+       u = *cx;
+       *cx = dum;
+       dum = fu;
+       fu = *fc;
+       *fc =dum;
+ #endif
+     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
+ #endif
        fu=(*func)(u);
        if (fu < *fc) {
-         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))
+ #ifdef DEBUG
-           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))
+                                 printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
-           }
+                           fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
-     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {
+ #endif
-       u=ulim;
+                           SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))
-       fu=(*func)(u);
+                                 SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))
-     } else {
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+                                         printf("\nmnbrak2 shift GOLD c=%lf",*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx));
+ #endif
+       }
+     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
+ #endif
+       u=ulim;
+       fu=(*func)(u);
+     } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
+ #endif
        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);
        fu=(*func)(u);
-     }
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       printf("\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
+ #endif
+     } /* end tests */
      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)
-       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)
+     SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)
-       }
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+       printf("\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
+ #endif
+   } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
  }
  /*************** linmin ************************/
+ /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
+ resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
+ and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
+ the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
+ routines mnbrak and brent .*/
  int ncom;
  double *pcom,*xicom;
  double (*nrfunc)(double []);
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))
+ #else
+ void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []), int *flat)
+ #endif
  {
    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,
                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);
- Line 858  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int
+ Line 1755  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int
    int j;
    double xx,xmin,bx,ax;
    double fx,fb,fa;
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+   double scale=10., axs, xxs; /* Scale added for infinity */
+ #endif
    ncom=n;
    pcom=vector(1,n);
    xicom=vector(1,n);
    nrfunc=func;
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
      pcom[j]=p[j];
-     xicom[j]=xi[j];
+     xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
    }
-   ax=0.0;
-   xx=1.0;
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
-   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);
+   xx=1.;
-   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);
+ #else
+   axs=0.0;
+   xxs=1.;
+   do{
+     xx= xxs;
+ #endif
+     ax=0.;
+     mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
+     /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
+     /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
+     /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
+     /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
+     /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
+     /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+     if (fx != fx){
+                         xxs=xxs/scale; /* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 */
+                         printf("|");
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"|");
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+                         printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx);
+ #endif
+     }
+   }while(fx != fx && xxs > 1.e-5);
+ #endif
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+   printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
+ #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+         if(fb == fx){ /* Flat function in the direction */
+                 xmin=xx;
+     *flat=1;
+         }else{
+     *flat=0;
+ #endif
+                 /*Flat mnbrak2 shift (*ax=0.000000000000, *fa=51626.272983130431), (*bx=-1.618034000000, *fb=51590.149499362531), (*cx=-4.236068025156, *fc=51590.149499362531) */
+   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
+   /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
+   /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
+   /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
+   /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
  #ifdef DEBUG
-   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
+   printf("retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
+ #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+                         }
+ #endif
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+   printf("linmin end ");
+   fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
  #endif
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
      xi[j] *= xmin;
-     p[j] += xi[j];
+ #else
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+     if(xxs <1.0)
+       printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]);
+ #endif
+     xi[j] *= xmin*xxs; /* xi rescaled by xmin and number of loops: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+     if(xxs <1.0)
+       printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs );
+ #endif
+ #endif
+     p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
    }
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+   printf("\n");
+   printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
+   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+     printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
+     fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
+     if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
+       printf("\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+     }
+   }
+ #else
+ #endif
    free_vector(xicom,1,n);
    free_vector(pcom,1,n);
  }
- char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
- {
-   long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
-   days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
-   sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
-   hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
-   sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
-   minutes = (sec_left) /60;
-   sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
-   sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);
-   return ascdiff;
- }
  /*************** powell ************************/
+ /*
+ Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
+ p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
+ rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
+ such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
+ output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
+ function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
+  */
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+         int *flatdir; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
+         int flat=0; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
+ #endif
  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,
              double (*func)(double []))
  {
-   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
                double (*func)(double []));
+ #else
+  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
+                                                  double (*func)(double []),int *flat);
+ #endif
    int i,ibig,j;
    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
+   double directest;
    double fp,fptt;
    double *xits;
    int niterf, itmp;
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+   flatdir=ivector(1,n);
+   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) flatdir[j]=0;
+ #endif
    pt=vector(1,n);
    ptt=vector(1,n);
- Line 914  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 1907  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
    xits=vector(1,n);
    *fret=(*func)(p);
    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];
+   rcurr_time = time(NULL);
    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {
-     fp=(*fret);
+     fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
      ibig=0;
      del=0.0;
-     last_time=curr_time;
+     rlast_time=rcurr_time;
-     (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
+     /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
-     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
+     rcurr_time = time(NULL);
-     /*    fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
+     curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
-     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
+     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
-     */
+     fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
-    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
+ /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
+     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
- Line 933  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 1928  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
      if(*iter <=3){
-       tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
+       tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
-       strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
+       strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
- /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
+       rforecast_time=rcurr_time;
-       forecast_time=curr_time;
        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
-         strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
+                                 strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
-       printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
+       printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
-         forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
+                                 rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
-         tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
+                                 forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
- /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
+                                 strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
-         strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
+                                 itmp = strlen(strfor);
-         itmp = strlen(strfor);
+                                 if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
-         if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
+                                         strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
-         strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
+                                 printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
-         printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
        }
      }
-     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
+     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
-       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];
+       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
        fptt=(*fret);
  #ifdef DEBUG
-       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
+       printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
  #endif
-       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
+       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
-       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
-       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {
+       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
-         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));
+ #else
-         ibig=i;
+       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
+                         flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
+ #endif
+                         /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
+       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
+                                 /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
+                                 /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
+                                 /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
+                                 /* with the new direction. */
+                                 del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));
+                                 ibig=i;
        }
  #ifdef DEBUG
        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
+                                 xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
-         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
+                                 printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
-         fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
        }
        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
-         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
+                         printf(" p(%d)=%lf ",j,p[j]);
-         fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
+                         fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%lf ",j,p[j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
  #endif
-     }
+     } /* end loop on each direction i */
-     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
+     /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */
+     /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
+     /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
+       for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                           printf(" p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
+                           fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
+       }
+       printf("\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
+       /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
+       /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
+       /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
+       /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
+       /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
+       /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
+       /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
+       /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
+       /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
+       /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
+       /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
  #ifdef DEBUG
        int k[2],l;
        k[0]=1;
- Line 1008  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
+ Line 2033  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int
        }
  #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+       free_ivector(flatdir,1,n);
+ #endif
        free_vector(xit,1,n);
        free_vector(xits,1,n);
        free_vector(ptt,1,n);
        free_vector(pt,1,n);
        return;
-     }
+     } /* enough precision */
      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");
-     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];
        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];
        pt[j]=p[j];
      }
-     fptt=(*func)(ptt);
+     fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
-     if (fptt < fp) {
+ #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
-       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);
+                 if (*iter <=4) {
-       if (t < 0.0) {
+ #else
-         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);
+ #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST    /* skips test F3 <F1 */
-         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+ #else
-           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];
+     if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
-           xi[j][n]=xit[j];
+ #endif
-         }
+       /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
+       /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
+       /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
+       /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
+       /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
+       /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del or directest <0 */
+       /* also  lamda^2=(f1-f2)^2/mu² is a parasite solution of powell */
+       /* For powell, inclusion of this average direction is only if t(del)<0 or del inbetween mu^2 and lambda^2 */
+       /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
+       /*  Even if f3 <f1, directest can be negative and t >0 */
+       /* mu² and del² are equal when f3=f1 */
+                         /* f3 < f1 : mu² < del <= lambda^2 both test are equivalent */
+                         /* f3 < f1 : mu² < lambda^2 < del then directtest is negative and powell t is positive */
+                         /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < mu^2 < del then t is negative and directest >0  */
+                         /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < del < mu^2 then t is positive and directest >0  */
+ #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
+       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
+ #else
+       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
+       t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
+ #endif
+       directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
  #ifdef DEBUG
-         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
+       printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
-         for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
+       printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
-           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
+              (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
-           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
-         }
+              (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
-         printf("\n");
+       printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
  #endif
-       }
+ #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
-     }
+       if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
-   }
+ #else
+       if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
+                                 printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
+         printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if directest<0 or t<0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
+       }
+       if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
+ #endif
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+                                 printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
+                                                 printf("\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         }
+                                 }
+ #endif
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+                                 linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
+ #else
+                                 linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
+                                 flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
+ #endif
+ #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
+                                         if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
+                                                 printf("\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         }
+                                 }
+ #endif
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
+                                         xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
+                                 }
+ #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
+ #else
+                                 printf("Flat directions\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Flat directions\n");
+                                 for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
+                                         printf("flatdir[%d]=%d ",j,flatdir[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"flatdir[%d]=%d ",j,flatdir[j]);
+         }
+                                 printf("\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+ #endif
+                                 printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
+ #ifdef DEBUG
+                                 printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
+                                 for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
+                                         printf(" %lf",xit[j]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," %lf",xit[j]);
+                                 }
+                                 printf("\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+ #endif
+       } /* end of t or directest negative */
+ #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST
+ #else
+     } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
+ #endif
+                 } /*NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  No change in drections until some iterations are done */
+ #endif
+   } /* loop iteration */
  }
- /**** Prevalence limit (stable prevalence)  ****************/
+ /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
- double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
+ double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
  {
-   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
+   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and for covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
-      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
+      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
+   /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
+   /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
+   /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
+   /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
+   /* Initial matrix pimij */
+   /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
+   /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /*
+    * and after some iteration: */
+   /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
+   /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
+   /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
+   /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
+   /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
    int i, ii,j,k;
-   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
+   double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
-   double **matprod2();
+   /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
-   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij(); /* **pmmij is a global variable feeded with oldms etc */
    double **newm;
-   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
+   double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
+   int ncvloop=0;
+   min=vector(1,nlstate);
+   max=vector(1,nlstate);
+   meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
+         /* Starting with matrix unity */
    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      }
-    cov[1]=1.;
+   cov[1]=1.;
-  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
+     ncvloop++;
      newm=savm;
      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
-      cov[2]=agefin;
+     cov[2]=agefin;
+     if(nagesqr==1)
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
+       cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
-         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
-         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
-       }
+                         /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' */
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
+       cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
+       /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
-         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
+     }
+     /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
-       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
+     /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
-       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
-       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
-     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
+       cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+     /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
+     /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
+     /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
+     /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+                 /* age and covariate values of ij are in 'cov' */
+     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
      savm=oldm;
      oldm=newm;
-     maxmax=0.;
-     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
-       min=1.;
+       max[j]=0.;
-       max=0.;
+       min[j]=1.;
-       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
+     }
-         sumnew=0;
+     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
-         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
+       sumnew=0;
+       for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
+       for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
-         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
+         max[j]=FMAX(max[j],prlim[i][j]);
-         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
+         min[j]=FMIN(min[j],prlim[i][j]);
        }
-       maxmin=max-min;
-       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
      }
+     maxmax=0.;
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
+       meandiff[j]=(max[j]-min[j])/(max[j]+min[j])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
+       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[j]);
+       /* printf(" age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, j, meandiff[j],(int)agefin, j, max[j], j, min[j],maxmax); */
+     } /* j loop */
+     *ncvyear= (int)age- (int)agefin;
+     /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
+       /* printf("maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%ld, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
+       free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
        return prlim;
      }
-   }
+   } /* age loop */
+     /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
+   printf("Warning: the stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
+ Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
+   /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
+   free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
+   return prlim; /* should not reach here */
+ }
+  /**** Back Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
+  /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
+  /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
+  double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
+ {
+   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
+      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
+   /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
+   /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
+   /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
+   /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
+   /* Initial matrix pimij */
+   /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
+   /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /*
+    * and after some iteration: */
+   /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
+   /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
+   /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
+   /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
+   /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
+   /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
+   /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
+   int i, ii,j,k;
+   double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
+   /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **bmij();
+   double **newm;
+   double         **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /* for use */
+   double         **oldm, **savm;  /* for use */
+   double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
+   int ncvloop=0;
+   min=vector(1,nlstate);
+   max=vector(1,nlstate);
+   meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
+         dnewm=ddnewms; doldm=ddoldms; dsavm=ddsavms;
+         oldm=oldms; savm=savms;
+         /* Starting with matrix unity */
+         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                 for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+     }
+   cov[1]=1.;
+   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
+   /* for(agefin=age+stepm/YEARM; agefin<=age+delaymax; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /\* A changer en age *\/ */
+   for(agefin=age; agefin<AGESUP; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /* A changer en age */
+     ncvloop++;
+     newm=savm; /* oldm should be kept from previous iteration or unity at start */
+                 /* newm points to the allocated table savm passed by the function it can be written, savm could be reallocated */
+     /* Covariates have to be included here again */
+     cov[2]=agefin;
+     if(nagesqr==1)
+       cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+       cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+       /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
+     }
+     /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+     /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+     for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
+       cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+     /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
+     /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
+     /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
+     /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+                 /* ij should be linked to the correct index of cov */
+                 /* age and covariate values ij are in 'cov', but we need to pass
+                  * ij for the observed prevalence at age and status and covariate
+                  * number:  prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij]
+                  */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, ageminpar, agemaxpar, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+     /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
+     out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij)); /* Bug Valgrind */
+     savm=oldm;
+     oldm=newm;
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
+       max[j]=0.;
+       min[j]=1.;
+     }
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
+       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
+                                 /* bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew); */
+                                 bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j];
+                                 max[i]=FMAX(max[i],bprlim[i][j]); /* Max in line */
+                                 min[i]=FMIN(min[i],bprlim[i][j]);
+       }
+     }
+     maxmax=0.;
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
+       meandiff[i]=(max[i]-min[i])/(max[i]+min[i])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
+       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[i]);
+       /* printf("Back age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, i, meandiff[i],(int)agefin, i, max[i], i, min[i],maxmax); */
+     } /* j loop */
+     *ncvyear= -( (int)age- (int)agefin);
+     /* printf("Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear);*/
+     if(maxmax < ftolpl){
+       /* printf("OK Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
+       free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+       free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
+       return bprlim;
+     }
+   } /* age loop */
+     /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
+   printf("Warning: the back stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
+ Oldest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
+   /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
+   free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
+   free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
+   return bprlim; /* should not reach here */
  }
  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/
  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
  {
-   double s1, s2;
+   /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
+      computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
+      model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
+      lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
+      and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
+      ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
+      j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
+      j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
+      Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
+      sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
+      Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
+      the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
+   */
+   double s1, lnpijopii;
    /*double t34;*/
-   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
+   int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
-     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
-       for(j=1; j<i;j++){
+     for(j=1; j<i;j++){
-         for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
+       for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
-           /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
+         /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
-           s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
+         lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
- /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
+         /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
-         }
+       }
-         ps[i][j]=s2;
+       ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
- /*      printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
+       /*        printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
-       }
+     }
-       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
+       for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
-           s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
+         /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
- /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2); */
+         lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
-         }
+         /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
-         ps[i][j]=s2;
+       }
-       }
+       ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
      }
-     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
+   }
-     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
-       s1=0;
+     s1=0;
-       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
+     for(j=1; j<i; j++){
-         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
+       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
-       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
+       /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
-         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
+     }
-       ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
+     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
-       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
+       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
-         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+       /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
-       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
+     }
-         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+     /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
-       /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
+     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
-     } /* end i */
+     /* Computing other pijs */
+     for(j=1; j<i; j++)
-     for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
-       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
-         ps[ii][jj]=0;
+       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
-         ps[ii][ii]=1;
+     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
+   } /* end i */
+   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+       ps[ii][jj]=0;
+       ps[ii][ii]=1;
+     }
+   }
+   /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
+   /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
+   /*    printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
+   /*   } */
+   /*   printf("\n "); */
+   /* } */
+   /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
+   /*
+     for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
+                 goto end;*/
+   return ps;
+ }
+ /*************** backward transition probabilities ***************/
+  /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
+ /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
+  double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, int ij )
+ {
+   /* Computes the backward probability at age agefin and covariate ij
+    * and returns in **ps as well as **bmij.
+    */
+   int i, ii, j,k;
+   double **out, **pmij();
+   double sumnew=0.;
+   double agefin;
+   double **dnewm, **dsavm, **doldm;
+   double **bbmij;
+   doldm=ddoldms; /* global pointers */
+   dnewm=ddnewms;
+   dsavm=ddsavms;
+   agefin=cov[2];
+   /* bmij *//* age is cov[2], ij is included in cov, but we need for
+      the observed prevalence (with this covariate ij) */
+   dsavm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
+   /* We do have the matrix Px in savm  and we need pij */
+   for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+     sumnew=0.; /* w1 p11 + w2 p21 only on live states */
+     for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate;ii++){
+       sumnew+=dsavm[ii][j]*prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij];
+     } /* sumnew is (N11+N21)/N..= N.1/N.. = sum on i of w_i pij */
+     for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
+       if(sumnew >= 1.e-10){
+         /* if(agefin >= agemaxpar && agefin <= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
+         /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
+         /* }else if(agefin >= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
+         /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
+         /* }else */
+         doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0);
+       }else{
+         printf("ii=%d, i=%d, doldm=%lf dsavm=%lf, probs=%lf, sumnew=%lf,agefin=%d\n",ii,j,doldm[ii][j],dsavm[ii][j],prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij],sumnew, (int)agefin);
        }
-     }
+     } /*End ii */
+   } /* End j, At the end doldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
+   /* left Product of this diag matrix by dsavm=Px (newm=dsavm*doldm) */
+   bbmij=matprod2(dnewm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, doldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
+   /* dsavm=doldm; /\* dsavm is now diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] but can be overwritten*\/ */
+   /* doldm=dnewm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
+   /* dnewm=dsavm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
+   /* left Product of this matrix by diag matrix of prevalences (savm) */
+   for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+     for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
+       dsavm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij] : 0.0);
+     }
+   } /* End j, At the end oldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
+   ps=matprod2(doldm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, dnewm); /* Bug Valgrind */
+   /* newm or out is now diag[w_i] * Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
+   /* end bmij */
+   return ps;
+ }
+ /*************** transition probabilities ***************/
+ double **bpmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
+ {
+   /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
+      computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
+      model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
+      lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
+      and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
+      ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
+      j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
+      j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
+      Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
+      sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
+      Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
+      the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
+   */
+   double s1, lnpijopii;
+   /*double t34;*/
+   int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
- /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
+         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
- /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
+                 for(j=1; j<i;j++){
- /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
+                         for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
- /*       } */
+                                 /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
- /*       printf("\n "); */
+                                 lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
- /*        } */
+                                 /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
- /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
+                         }
-        /*
+                         ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
-       for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
+                         /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
-       goto end;*/
+                 }
-     return ps;
+                 for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                         for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
+                                 /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
+                                 lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
+                                 /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
+                         }
+                         ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
+                 }
+         }
+         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
+                 s1=0;
+                 for(j=1; j<i; j++){
+                         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
+                         /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
+                 }
+                 for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
+                         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
+                         /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
+                 }
+                 /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
+                 ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
+                 /* Computing other pijs */
+                 for(j=1; j<i; j++)
+                         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+                 for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
+                         ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
+                 /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
+         } /* end i */
+         for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+                 for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+                         ps[ii][jj]=0;
+                         ps[ii][ii]=1;
+                 }
+         }
+         /* Added for backcast */ /* Transposed matrix too */
+         for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+                 s1=0.;
+                 for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+                         s1+=ps[ii][jj];
+                 }
+                 for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate; ii++){
+                         ps[ii][jj]=ps[ii][jj]/s1;
+                 }
+         }
+         /* Transposition */
+         for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
+                 for(ii=jj; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
+                         s1=ps[ii][jj];
+                         ps[ii][jj]=ps[jj][ii];
+                         ps[jj][ii]=s1;
+                 }
+         }
+         /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
+         /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
+         /*      printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
+         /*   } */
+         /*   printf("\n "); */
+         /* } */
+         /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
+         /*
+                 for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
+                 goto end;*/
+         return ps;
  }
  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
- double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
+ double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
  {
    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized
       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
-   long i, j, k;
+   int i, j, k;
    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
-     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
+     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
-       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
+       out[i][k]=0.;
-         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
+       for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
+         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
+     }
    return out;
  }
- Line 1193  double **matprod2(double **out, double *
+ Line 2681  double **matprod2(double **out, double *
  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
  {
-   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
+   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' and combination of covariate values corresponding to ij over
       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
       nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
- Line 1206  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
+ Line 2694  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
       */
    int i, j, d, h, k;
-   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
    double **newm;
+   double agexact;
+   double agebegin, ageend;
    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
- Line 1221  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
+ Line 2711  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstep
        newm=savm;
        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
        cov[1]=1.;
-       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
+       agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
+       cov[2]=agexact;
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
+       if(nagesqr==1)
-         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
+                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
-         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
+                                 cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+                         /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
+                                 /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+                                 cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+                         /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
+                                 cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+                         /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
+                         /* right multiplication of oldm by the current matrix */
        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+       /* if((int)age == 70){ */
+       /*        printf(" Forward hpxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
+       /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
+       /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf(" oldm "); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf("\n"); */
+       /*        } */
+       /* } */
+       savm=oldm;
+       oldm=newm;
+     }
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
+       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
+                                 po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
+                                 /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
+       }
+     /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
+   } /* end h */
+         /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
+   return po;
+ }
+ /************* Higher Back Matrix Product ***************/
+ /* double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
+ double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, int ij )
+ {
+   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
+      'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
+      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
+      nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
+      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
+      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big
+      for the memory).
+      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
+      included manually here.
+   */
+   int i, j, d, h, k;
+   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
+   double **newm;
+   double agexact;
+   double agebegin, ageend;
+   double **oldm, **savm;
+   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
+   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
+     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+     }
+   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
+   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
+     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
+       newm=savm;
+       /* Covariates have to be included here again */
+       cov[1]=1.;
+       agexact=age-((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
+       /* agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /\* age just before transition *\/ */
+       cov[2]=agexact;
+       if(nagesqr==1)
+         cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
+         cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
+         /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
+         cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
+       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
+         cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
+       /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
+       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
+       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
+       /* Careful transposed matrix */
+       /* age is in cov[2] */
+       /* out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\ */
+       /*                                                 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); */
+       out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij),\
+,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
+       /* if((int)age == 70){ */
+       /*        printf(" Backward hbxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
+       /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
+       /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf(" oldm "); */
+       /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+       /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
+       /*          } */
+       /*          printf("\n"); */
+       /*        } */
+       /* } */
        savm=oldm;
        oldm=newm;
      }
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
-         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
+         /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
-          */
        }
+     /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
    } /* end h */
+   /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
    return po;
  }
+ #ifdef NLOPT
+   double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
+   double fret;
+   double *xt;
+   int j;
+   myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
+ /* xt = (p1-1); */
+   xt=vector(1,n);
+   for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
+   fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
+   /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
+   printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
+   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]);
+   printf("\n");
+  free_vector(xt,1,n);
+   return fret;
+ }
+ #endif
  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
  double func( double *x)
  {
+         int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
+         int ioffset=0;
+         double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
+         double **out;
+         double sw; /* Sum of weights */
+         double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
+         int s1, s2;
+         int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate */
+         double bbh, survp;
+         long ipmx;
+         double agexact;
+         /*extern weight */
+         /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
+         /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
+         /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)
+                 printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
+         */
+         ++countcallfunc;
+         cov[1]=1.;
+         for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
+   ioffset=0;
+         if(mle==1){
+                 for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
+                         /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
+                                  depending if the covariates are fixed or varying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
+                                  Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
+                                  to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
+                         */
+                         ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage;
+                         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /\* Simple and product covariates without age* products *\/ */
+                         for (k=1; k<=ncoveff;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
+                                 cov[++ioffset]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+                         }
+                         for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqveff; iqv++){ /* Quantitatives covariates */
+                                 cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[iqv][i];
+                         }
+                         /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4]
+                                  is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2]
+                                  has been calculated etc */
+                         /* For an individual i, wav[i] gives the number of effective waves */
+                         /* We compute the contribution to Likelihood of each effective transition
+                                  mw[mi][i] is real wave of the mi th effectve wave */
+                         /* Then statuses are computed at each begin and end of an effective wave s1=s[ mw[mi][i] ][i];
+                                  s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+                                  And the iv th varying covariate is the cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][iv][i]
+                                  But if the variable is not in the model TTvar[iv] is the real variable effective in the model:
+                                  meaning that decodemodel should be used cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][TTvar[iv]][i]
+                         */
+                         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+                                 for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /* Varying dummy covariates */
+                                         cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][itv][i];
+                                 }
+                                 for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /* Varying quantitatives covariates */
+                                         cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i];
+                                 }
+                                 /* ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovn+nqv+ntv+nqtv; */
+                                 for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                                         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                                                 oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                                 savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         }
+                                 for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
+                                         newm=savm;
+                                         agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
+                                         cov[2]=agexact;
+                                         if(nagesqr==1)
+                                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;  /* Should be changed here */
+                                         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+                                                 cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
+                                         }
+                                         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                         savm=oldm;
+                                         oldm=newm;
+                                 } /* end mult */
+                                         /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
+                                 /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
+                                  * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay
+                                  * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to
+                                  * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
+                                  * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
+                                  * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
+                                  * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
+                                  * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
+                                  * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
+                                  * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
+                                  * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions.
+                                  */
+                                 s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
+                                 s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+                                 bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
+                                 /* bias bh is positive if real duration
+                                  * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
+                                  */
+                                 /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
+                                 if( s2 > nlstate){
+                                         /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known
+                                                  then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to
+                                                  die between last step unit time and current  step unit time,
+                                                  which is also equal to probability to die before dh
+                                                  minus probability to die before dh-stepm .
+                                                  In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
+                                                  as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
+                                                  health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
+                                                  and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
+                                                  to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
+                                                  (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
+                                                  introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
+                                                  the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
+                                                  contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
+                                                  stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
+                                                  and month of death but the probability to survive from last
+                                                  interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
+                                                  probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
+                                                  Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
+                                                  mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
+                                                  which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
+                                                  lower mortality.
+                                         */
+                                         /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
+                                                  cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
+                                                  constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
+.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
+                                                  s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
+                                                  wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
+                                                  precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
+                                                  wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
+                                                  is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
+                                                  it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
+                                                  infinity.
+                                         */
+ /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
+ /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
+ /* #else */
+ /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
+ /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
+ /*        else */
+ /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
+ /* #endif */
+                                         lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
+                                 } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
+                                         for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
+                                                 survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
+                                         /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
+                                         lli= log(survp);
+                                 }
+                                 else if  (s2==-4) {
+                                         for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
+                                                 survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
+                                         lli= log(survp);
+                                 }
+                                 else if  (s2==-5) {
+                                         for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)
+                                                 survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
+                                         lli= log(survp);
+                                 }
+                                 else{
+                                         lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
+                                         /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
+                                 }
+                                 /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
+                                 /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
+                                 /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
+                                 ipmx +=1;
+                                 sw += weight[i];
+                                 ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
+                                 /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
+                                 /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
+                                 /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
+                                 /* } */
+                         } /* end of wave */
+                 } /* end of individual */
+         }  else if(mle==2){
+                 for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
+                         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+                         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+                                 for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                                         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                                                 oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                                 savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         }
+                                 for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
+                                         newm=savm;
+                                         agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
+                                         cov[2]=agexact;
+                                         if(nagesqr==1)
+                                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+                                         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+                                                 cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
+                                         }
+                                         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                         savm=oldm;
+                                         oldm=newm;
+                                 } /* end mult */
+                                 s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
+                                 s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+                                 bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
+                                 lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
+                                 ipmx +=1;
+                                 sw += weight[i];
+                                 ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
+                         } /* end of wave */
+                 } /* end of individual */
+         }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
+                 for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
+                         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+                         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+                                 for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                                         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                                                 oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                                 savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         }
+                                 for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
+                                         newm=savm;
+                                         agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
+                                         cov[2]=agexact;
+                                         if(nagesqr==1)
+                                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+                                         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+                                                 cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
+                                         }
+                                         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                         savm=oldm;
+                                         oldm=newm;
+                                 } /* end mult */
+                                 s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
+                                 s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+                                 bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
+                                 lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
+                                 ipmx +=1;
+                                 sw += weight[i];
+                                 ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
+                         } /* end of wave */
+                 } /* end of individual */
+         }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
+                 for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
+                         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+                         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+                                 for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                                         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                                                 oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                                 savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         }
+                                 for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
+                                         newm=savm;
+                                         agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
+                                         cov[2]=agexact;
+                                         if(nagesqr==1)
+                                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+                                         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+                                                 cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
+                                         }
+                                         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                         savm=oldm;
+                                         oldm=newm;
+                                 } /* end mult */
+                                 s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
+                                 s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+                                 if( s2 > nlstate){
+                                         lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
+                                 } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
+                                         for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
+                                                 survp += out[s1][j];
+                                         lli= log(survp);
+                                 }else{
+                                         lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
+                                 }
+                                 ipmx +=1;
+                                 sw += weight[i];
+                                 ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
+ /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
+                         } /* end of wave */
+                 } /* end of individual */
+         }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
+                 for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
+                         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+                         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+                                 for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
+                                         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                                                 oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                                 savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         }
+                                 for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
+                                         newm=savm;
+                                         agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
+                                         cov[2]=agexact;
+                                         if(nagesqr==1)
+                                                 cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+                                         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+                                                 cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
+                                         }
+                                         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                         savm=oldm;
+                                         oldm=newm;
+                                 } /* end mult */
+                                 s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
+                                 s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+                                 lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
+                                 ipmx +=1;
+                                 sw += weight[i];
+                                 ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
+                                 /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
+                         } /* end of wave */
+                 } /* end of individual */
+         } /* End of if */
+         for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
+         /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
+         l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
+         return -l;
+ }
+ /*************** log-likelihood *************/
+ double funcone( double *x)
+ {
+   /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
-   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
+         int ioffset=0;
+   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
    double **out;
-   double sw; /* Sum of weights */
    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
+   double llt;
    int s1, s2;
+         int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate */
    double bbh, survp;
-   long ipmx;
+   double agexact;
+   double agebegin, ageend;
    /*extern weight */
    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
- Line 1267  double func( double *x)
+ Line 3224  double func( double *x)
    cov[1]=1.;
    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
+   ioffset=0;
+   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
+                 ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage;
+     /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i]; */
+                 for (k=1; k<=ncoveff;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
+                         cov[++ioffset]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
+                 }
+                 for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqveff; iqv++){ /* Quantitatives covariates */
+                         cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[iqv][i];
+                 }
-   if(mle==1){
-     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
-       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
-         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
-           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-           }
-         for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
-           newm=savm;
-           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
-           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
-             cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
-           }
-           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
-,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
-           savm=oldm;
-           oldm=newm;
-         } /* end mult */
-         /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
-         /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
-          * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay
-          * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to
-          * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
-          * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
-          * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
-          * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
-          * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
-          * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
-          * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
-          * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions.
-          */
-         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
-         s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
-         bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
-         /* bias bh is positive if real duration
-          * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
-          */
-         /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
-         if( s2 > nlstate){
-           /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known
-              then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to
-              die between last step unit time and current  step unit time,
-              which is also equal to probability to die before dh
-              minus probability to die before dh-stepm .
-              In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
-         as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
-         health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
-         and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
-         to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
-         (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
-         introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
-         the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
-         contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
-         stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
-         and month of death but the probability to survive from last
-         interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
-         probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
-         Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
-         mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
-         which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
-         lower mortality.
-           */
-           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
-         } else if  (s2==-2) {
-           for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
-             survp += out[s1][j];
-           lli= survp;
-         }
-         else if  (s2==-4) {
-           for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
-             survp += out[s1][j];
-           lli= survp;
-         }
-         else if  (s2==-5) {
-           for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)
-             survp += out[s1][j];
-           lli= survp;
-         }
-         else{
-           lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
-           /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
-         }
-         /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
-         /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
-         /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
-         ipmx +=1;
-         sw += weight[i];
-         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
-       } /* end of wave */
-     } /* end of individual */
-   }  else if(mle==2){
-     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
-       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
-         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
-           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-           }
-         for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
-           newm=savm;
-           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
-           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
-             cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
-           }
-           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
-,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
-           savm=oldm;
-           oldm=newm;
-         } /* end mult */
-         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
-         s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
-         bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
-         lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
-         ipmx +=1;
-         sw += weight[i];
-         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
-       } /* end of wave */
-     } /* end of individual */
-   }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
-     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
-       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
-         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
-           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-           }
-         for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
-           newm=savm;
-           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
-           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
-             cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
-           }
-           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
-,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
-           savm=oldm;
-           oldm=newm;
-         } /* end mult */
-         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
-         s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
-         bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
-         lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
-         ipmx +=1;
-         sw += weight[i];
-         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
-       } /* end of wave */
-     } /* end of individual */
-   }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
-     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
-       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
-         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
-           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-           }
-         for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
-           newm=savm;
-           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
-           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
-             cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
-           }
-           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
-,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
-           savm=oldm;
-           oldm=newm;
-         } /* end mult */
-         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
-         s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
-         if( s2 > nlstate){
-           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
-         }else{
-           lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
-         }
-         ipmx +=1;
-         sw += weight[i];
-         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
- /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
-       } /* end of wave */
-     } /* end of individual */
-   }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
-     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
-       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
-         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
-           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-           }
-         for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
-           newm=savm;
-           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
-           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
-             cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
-           }
-           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
-,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
-           savm=oldm;
-           oldm=newm;
-         } /* end mult */
-         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
-         s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
-         lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
-         ipmx +=1;
-         sw += weight[i];
-         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
-         /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
-       } /* end of wave */
-     } /* end of individual */
-   } /* End of if */
-   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
-   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
-   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
-   return -l;
- }
- /*************** log-likelihood *************/
- double funcone( double *x)
- {
-   /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
-   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
-   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
-   double **out;
-   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
-   double llt;
-   int s1, s2;
-   double bbh, survp;
-   /*extern weight */
-   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
-   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
-   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)
-     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
-   */
-   cov[1]=1.;
-   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
-   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
-     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
+                         for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /* Varying dummy covariates */
+                                 cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][itv][i];
+                         }
+                         for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /* Varying quantitatives covariates */
+                                 cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i];
+                         }
        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
-         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+                                 for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-           oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-           savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                         savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
-         }
+                                 }
-       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
-         newm=savm;
+       agebegin=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]; /* Age at beginning of effective wave */
-         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
+       ageend=agev[mw[mi][i]][i] + (dh[mi][i])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of effective wave and at the end of transition */
-         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /* Delay between two effective waves */
-           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
+                                 /*dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
-         }
+                                         and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.*/
-         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+                                 newm=savm;
-,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                 agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
-         savm=oldm;
+                                 cov[2]=agexact;
-         oldm=newm;
+                                 if(nagesqr==1)
+                                         cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
+                                 for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
+                                         cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
+                                 }
+                                 /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
+                                 out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
+,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
+                                 /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
+                                 /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
+                                 savm=oldm;
+                                 oldm=newm;
        } /* end mult */
        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
+       /* if(s2==-1){ */
+       /*        printf(" s1=%d, s2=%d i=%d \n", s1, s2, i); */
+       /*        /\* exit(1); *\/ */
+       /* } */
        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm;
        /* bias is positive if real duration
         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         */
        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
-         lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
+                                 lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
-       } else if (mle==1){
+       } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
-         lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
+                                 for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)
+                                         survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
+                                 lli= log(survp);
+       }else if (mle==1){
+                                 lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
        } else if(mle==2){
-         lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
+                                 lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
-         lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
+                                 lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
-         lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
+                                 lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
-       } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
+       } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
-         lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
+                                 lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
+                                 /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
        } /* End of if */
        ipmx +=1;
        sw += weight[i];
        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
- /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
+       /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
        if(globpr){
-         fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %1d %1d %1d %1d %3d %10.6f %6.4f\
+                                 fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6.1f %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %15.6f %8.4f %8.3f\
-  %10.6f %10.6f %10.6f ", \
+  %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
-                 num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
+                                                                 num[i], agebegin, ageend, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],weight[i]*gipmx/gsw,
 *weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
-         for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
+                                 for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
-           llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
+                                         llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
-           fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
+                                         fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
-         }
+                                 }
-         fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
+                                 fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
        }
      } /* end of wave */
    } /* end of individual */
- Line 1599  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
+ Line 3338  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
    int k;
    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
-     strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk");
+     strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_");
-     strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
+     strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
      }
-     fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
+     fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) count ageb ageend s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight weight/gpw -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
-     fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
+     fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i ageb agend i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight %%weight 2wlli out sav ");
      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++)
        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
- Line 1616  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
+ Line 3355  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
    if(*globpri !=0){
      fclose(ficresilk);
-     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
+     if (mle ==0)
-     fflush(fichtm);
+       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle = %d.",mle);
-   }
+     else if(mle >=1)
+       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with optimized parameters mle = %d.",mle);
+     fprintf(fichtm," You should at least run with mle >= 1 to get starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
+     for (k=1; k<= nlstate ; k++) {
+       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probability p<sub>%dj</sub> by origin %d and destination j. Dot's sizes are related to corresponding weight: <a href=\"%s-p%dj.png\">%s-p%dj.png</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s-p%dj.png\">",k,k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k);
+     }
+     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The function drawn is -2Log(L) in Log scale: by state of origin <a href=\"%s-ori.png\">%s-ori.png</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s-ori.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- and by state of destination <a href=\"%s-dest.png\">%s-dest.png</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s-dest.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+     fflush(fichtm);
+   }
    return;
  }
- Line 1627  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
+ Line 3380  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[],
  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
  {
-   int i,j, iter;
+   int i,j, iter=0;
    double **xi;
    double fret;
    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
+ #ifdef NLOPT
+   int creturn;
+   nlopt_opt opt;
+   /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
+   double *lb;
+   double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
+   double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
+   myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
+ #endif
    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
-   strcpy(filerespow,"pow");
+   strcpy(filerespow,"POW_");
    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
- Line 1648  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], in
+ Line 3413  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], in
      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
+ #ifdef POWELL
    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
+ #endif
+ #ifdef NLOPT
+ #ifdef NEWUOA
+   opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
+ #else
+   opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
+ #endif
+   lb=vector(0,npar-1);
+   for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
+   nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
+   nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
+   p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
+   d->function = func;
+   printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
+   nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
+   nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
+   if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
+     printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn);
+   }
+   else {
+     printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
+     printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
+     iter=1; /* not equal */
+   }
+   nlopt_destroy(opt);
+ #endif
+   free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
    fclose(ficrespow);
-   printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
+   printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
-   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
+   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
-   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
+   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
  }
  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
- void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
+ void hesscov(double **matcov, double **hess, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
  {
    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
-   double **hess;
+   /* double **hess; */
-   int i, j,jk;
+   int i, j;
    int *indx;
    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
-   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
+   double hessij(double p[], double **hess, double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
    double gompertz(double p[]);
-   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
+   /* hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar); */
    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
-     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
+     printf("%d-",i);fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"%d-",i);fflush(ficlog);
       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
- Line 1688  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
+ Line 3481  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
        if (j>i) {
-         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
+         printf(".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
-         fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
+         fprintf(ficlog,".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
-         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
+         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,hess, delti,i,j,func,npar);
          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];
          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
- Line 1724  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
+ Line 3517  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[]
    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
-       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
+       printf("%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
      }
      printf("\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    }
+   /* printf("\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
+   /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
+   /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  */
+   /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  */
+   /*     printf("%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
+   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
+   /*   } */
+   /*   printf("\n"); */
+   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
+   /* } */
    /* Recompute Inverse */
-   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
+   /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) */
-     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
+   /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j]; */
-   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
+   /* ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd); */
+   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n"); */
+   /* for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { */
+   /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0; */
+   /*   x[j]=1; */
+   /*   lubksb(a,npar,indx,x); */
+   /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  */
+   /*     y[i][j]=x[i]; */
+   /*     printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
+   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
+   /*   } */
+   /*   printf("\n"); */
+   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
+   /* } */
+   /* Verifying the inverse matrix */
+ #ifdef DEBUGHESS
+   y=matprod2(y,hess,1,npar,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
-   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
+    printf("\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix, should be unity:#\n");
+    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix. Should be unity:#\n");
    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
-     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
-     x[j]=1;
-     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
-       y[i][j]=x[i];
+       printf("%.2f ",y[i][j]);
-       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%.2f ",y[i][j]);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
      }
      printf("\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    }
-   */
+ #endif
    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
    free_vector(x,1,npar);
    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
+   /* free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar); */
  }
  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
- {
+ { /* Around values of x, computes the function func and returns the scales delti and hessian */
    int i;
    int l=1, lmax=20;
-   double k1,k2;
+   double k1,k2, res, fx;
-   double p2[NPARMAX+1];
+   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
-   double res;
    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
-   double fx;
    int k=0,kmax=10;
    double l1;
    fx=func(x);
    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
-   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
+   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
      l1=pow(10,l);
      delts=delt;
      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
        delt = delta*(l1*k);
        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
-       k1=func(p2)-fx;
+       k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
        k2=func(p2)-fx;
        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
-       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
+       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by 2 because L and not 2*L */
- #ifdef DEBUG
+ #ifdef DEBUGHESSII
        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
  #endif
- Line 1797  double hessii(double x[], double delta,
+ Line 3615  double hessii(double x[], double delta,
          k=kmax;
        }
        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
-         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
+         k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
        }
        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){
          delts=delt;
        }
-     }
+     } /* End loop k */
    }
    delti[theta]=delts;
    return res;
  }
- double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
+ double hessij( double x[], double **hess, double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
  {
    int i;
-   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
+   int l=1, lmax=20;
    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
-   double p2[NPARMAX+1];
+   double p2[MAXPARM+1];
-   int k;
+   int k, kmax=1;
+   double v1, v2, cv12, lc1, lc2;
+   int firstime=0;
    fx=func(x);
-   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
+   for (k=1; k<=kmax; k=k+10) {
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
      k1=func(p2)-fx;
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
      k2=func(p2)-fx;
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
      k3=func(p2)-fx;
-     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
+     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
-     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
+     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
      k4=func(p2)-fx;
-     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
+     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]/k/delti[thetaj]/k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
- #ifdef DEBUG
+     if(k1*k2*k3*k4 <0.){
-     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       firstime=1;
-     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       kmax=kmax+10;
+     }
+     if(kmax >=10 || firstime ==1){
+       printf("Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
+       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+     }
+ #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ
+     v1=hess[thetai][thetai];
+     v2=hess[thetaj][thetaj];
+     cv12=res;
+     /* Computing eigen value of Hessian matrix */
+     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
+       printf("Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
+       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
+     }
  #endif
    }
    return res;
  }
+     /* Not done yet: Was supposed to fix if not exactly at the maximum */
+ /* double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar) */
+ /* { */
+ /*   int i; */
+ /*   int l=1, lmax=20; */
+ /*   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx; */
+ /*   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; */
+ /*   double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4; */
+ /*   int k=0,kmax=10; */
+ /*   double l1; */
+ /*   fx=func(x); */
+ /*   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /\* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum *\/ */
+ /*     l1=pow(10,l); */
+ /*     delts=delt; */
+ /*     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){ */
+ /*       delt = delti*(l1*k); */
+ /*       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i]; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k1=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k2=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k3=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
+ /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
+ /*       k4=func(p2)-fx; */
+ /*       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /\* Because of L not 2*L *\/ */
+ /* #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ */
+ /*       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
+ /*       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
+ /* #endif */
+ /*       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)){ */
+ /*      k=kmax; */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif)){ /\* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. *\/ */
+ /*      k=kmax; l=lmax*10; */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  */
+ /*      delts=delt; */
+ /*       } */
+ /*     } /\* End loop k *\/ */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   delti[theta]=delts; */
+ /*   return res;  */
+ /* } */
  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)
  {
- Line 1918  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx
+ Line 3813  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx
    }
  }
- /************ Frequencies ********************/
+ void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
- void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
+ {
- {  /* Some frequencies */
+   fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#IMaCh version %s, %s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,copyright, fullversion, strstart);
+ }
-   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
-   int first;
-   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
-   double *pp, **prop;
-   double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
-   FILE *ficresp;
-   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   pp=vector(1,nlstate);
-   prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
-   strcpy(fileresp,"p");
-   strcat(fileresp,fileres);
-   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
-     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
-     exit(0);
-   }
-   freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
-   j1=0;
-   j=cptcoveff;
-   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-   first=1;
-   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
+ /************ Frequencies ********************/
-     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
+  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, \
-       j1++;
+                                                                          int *Tvaraff, int *invalidvarcomb, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[],  \
-       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
+                                                                          int firstpass,  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[])
-         scanf("%d", i);*/
+  {  /* Some frequencies */
-       for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
-         for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
+          int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
-           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
+          int iind=0, iage=0;
-             freq[i][jk][m]=0;
+          int mi; /* Effective wave */
+          int first;
-     for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)
+          double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
-       for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
+          double *meanq;
-         prop[i][m]=0;
+          double **meanqt;
+          double *pp, **prop, *posprop, *pospropt;
-       dateintsum=0;
+          double pos=0., posproptt=0., pospropta=0., k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
-       k2cpt=0;
+          char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtm[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtmfr[FILENAMELENGTH];
-       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
+          double agebegin, ageend;
-         bool=1;
-         if  (cptcovn>0) {
+          pp=vector(1,nlstate);
-           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
+          prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
-             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])
+          posprop=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state per age */
-               bool=0;
+          pospropt=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state */
-         }
+          /* prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); */
-         if (bool==1){
+          meanq=vector(1,nqveff);
-           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
+          meanqt=matrix(1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
-             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
+          strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
-             /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
+          strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
-               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
+          /*strcat(fileresphtm,fileresu);*/
-               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
+          if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
-               if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
+                  printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
-               if (m<lastpass) {
+                  fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
-                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
+                  exit(0);
-                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
+          }
-               }
+          strcpy(fileresphtm,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
-               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
+          if((ficresphtm=fopen(fileresphtm,"w"))==NULL) {
-                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
+                  printf("Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
-                 k2cpt++;
+                  fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
-               }
+                  fflush(ficlog);
-               /*}*/
+                  exit(70);
-           }
+          }
-         }
+          else{
-       }
+                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_ %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
+ <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
-       /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
- fprintf(ficresp, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
+                                                  fileresphtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
-       if  (cptcovn>0) {
+          }
-         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");
+          fprintf(ficresphtm,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies and prevalence by age at begin of transition</h4>\n",fileresphtm, fileresphtm);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
-         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
+          strcpy(fileresphtmfr,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
-       }
+          if((ficresphtmfr=fopen(fileresphtmfr,"w"))==NULL) {
-       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                  printf("Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
-         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
+                  fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
-       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
+                  fflush(ficlog);
+                  exit(70);
-       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
+          }
-         if(i==iagemax+3){
+          else{
-           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
+                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_Frequency table %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
-         }else{
+ <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
-           if(first==1){
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
-             first=0;
+                                                  fileresphtmfr,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
-             printf("See log file for details...\n");
+          }
-           }
+          fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies of all effective transitions by age at begin of transition </h4>Unknown status is -1<br/>\n",fileresphtmfr, fileresphtmfr);
-           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
-         }
+          freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+          j1=0;
-           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
-             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
+          j=ncoveff;
-         }
+          if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
+          first=1;
-             pos += freq[jk][m][i];
-           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
+          /* Detects if a combination j1 is empty: for a multinomial variable like 3 education levels:
-             if(first==1){
+                         reference=low_education V1=0,V2=0
-             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
+                         med_educ                V1=1 V2=0,
-             }
+                         high_educ               V1=0 V2=1
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
+                         Then V1=1 and V2=1 is a noisy combination that we want to exclude for the list 2**cptcoveff
-           }else{
+          */
-             if(first==1)
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
-           }
-         }
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+          for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,j); j1++){ /* Loop on covariates combination excluding varying and quantitatives */
-           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
+                  posproptt=0.;
-             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
+                  /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
-         }
+                          scanf("%d", i);*/
-         for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                  for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
-           pos += pp[jk];
+                          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
-           posprop += prop[jk][i];
+                                  for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
-         }
+                                          freq[i][jk][m]=0;
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-           if(pos>=1.e-5){
+                  for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  {
-             if(first==1)
+                          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+                                  prop[i][m]=0;
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+                          posprop[i]=0;
-           }else{
+                          pospropt[i]=0;
-             if(first==1)
+                  }
-               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+                  for (z1=1; z1<= nqveff; z1++) {
-             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+                          meanq[z1]+=0.;
-           }
+                          for(m=1;m<=lastpass;m++){
-           if( i <= iagemax){
+                                  meanqt[m][z1]=0.;
-             if(pos>=1.e-5){
+                          }
-               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
+                  }
-               /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
-               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
+                  dateintsum=0;
-             }
+                  k2cpt=0;
-             else
+      /* For that comination of covariate j1, we count and print the frequencies */
-               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
+                  for (iind=1; iind<=imx; iind++) { /* For each individual iind */
-           }
+                          bool=1;
-         }
+                          if (nqveff >0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
+                                  for (z1=1; z1<= nqveff; z1++) {
-         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
+                                          meanq[z1]+=coqvar[Tvar[z1]][iind];
-           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
+                                  }
-             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
+                                  for (z1=1; z1<=ncoveff; z1++) {
-             if(first==1)
+                                          /* if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-20){ */
-               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
+                                          /*      /\* sumnew+=cotvar[mw[mi][iind]][z1][iind]; *\/ */
-               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
+                                          /* }else  if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-10){ */
-             }
+                                          /*      /\* sumnew+=coqvar[z1][iind]; *\/ */
-         if(i <= iagemax)
+                                          /* }else  */
-           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
+                                          if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
-         if(first==1)
+                                                  /* Tests if this individual i responded to j1 (V4=1 V3=0) */
-           printf("Others in log...\n");
+                                                  bool=0;
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                                  /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n",
-       }
+                 bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
-     }
+                 j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
-   }
+                                                  /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
-   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;
+                                          }
+                                  } /* end z1 */
-   fclose(ficresp);
+                          } /* cptcovn > 0 */
-   free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
-   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
+                          if (bool==1){ /* We selected an individual iin satisfying combination j1 */
-   free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
+                                  /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){ */
-   /* End of Freq */
+                                  for(mi=1; mi<wav[iind];mi++){
- }
+                                          m=mw[mi][iind];
+                                          /* dh[m][iind] or dh[mw[mi][iind]][iind] is the delay between two effective (mi) waves m=mw[mi][iind]
+                                                         and mw[mi+1][iind]. dh depends on stepm. */
+                                          agebegin=agev[m][iind]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
+                                          ageend=agev[m][iind]+(dh[m][iind])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of wave and transition */
+                                          if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
+                                                  k2=anint[m][iind]+(mint[m][iind]/12.);
+                                                  /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
+                                                  if(agev[m][iind]==0) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+1;  /* All ages equal to 0 are in iagemax+1 */
+                                                  if(agev[m][iind]==1) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+2;  /* All ages equal to 1 are in iagemax+2 */
+                                                  if (s[m][iind]>0 && s[m][iind]<=nlstate)  /* If status at wave m is known and a live state */
+                                                          prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind];  /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
+                                                  if (m<lastpass) {
+                                                          /* if(s[m][iind]==4 && s[m+1][iind]==4) */
+                                                          /*   printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind]); */
+                                                          if(s[m][iind]==-1)
+                                                                  printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d agebegin=%.2f ageend=%.2f, agemed=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind],agebegin, ageend, (int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.));
+                                                          freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind]; /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
+                                                          /* freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.)] += weight[iind]; */
+                                                          freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][iagemax+3] += weight[iind]; /* Total is in iagemax+3 *//* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
+                                                  }
+                                          }
+                                          if ((agev[m][iind]>1) && (agev[m][iind]< (iagemax+3)) && (anint[m][iind]!=9999) && (mint[m][iind]!=99)) {
+                                                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
+                                                  k2cpt++;
+                                                  /* printf("iind=%ld dateintmean = %lf dateintsum=%lf k2cpt=%lf k2=%lf\n",iind, dateintsum/k2cpt, dateintsum,k2cpt, k2); */
+                                          }
+                                          /*}*/
+                                  } /* end m */
+                          } /* end bool */
+                  } /* end iind = 1 to imx */
+        /* prop[s][age] is feeded for any initial and valid live state as well as
+                                         freq[s1][s2][age] at single age of beginning the transition, for a combination j1 */
+                  /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
+                  pstamp(ficresp);
+                  if  (ncoveff>0) {
+                          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");
+                          fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable ");
+                          fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable ");
+                          for (z1=1; z1<=ncoveff; z1++){
+                                  fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+                          }
+                          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
+                          fprintf(ficresphtm, "**********</h3>\n");
+                          fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "**********</h3>\n");
+                          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable ");
+                          for (z1=1; z1<=ncoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
+                          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n");
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
+                  for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
+                          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
+                          fprintf(ficresphtm, "<th>Age</th><th>Prev(%d)</th><th>N(%d)</th><th>N</th>",i,i);
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
+                  fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n");
+                  /* Header of frequency table by age */
+                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
+                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>Age</th> ");
+                  for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
+                          for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
+                                  if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
+                                          fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>%d%d</th> ",jk,m);
+                          }
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n");
+                  /* For each age */
+                  for(iage=iagemin; iage <= iagemax+3; iage++){
+                          fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr>");
+                          if(iage==iagemax+1){
+                                  fprintf(ficlog,"1");
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>0</th> ");
+                          }else if(iage==iagemax+2){
+                                  fprintf(ficlog,"0");
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Unknown</th> ");
+                          }else if(iage==iagemax+3){
+                                  fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Total</th> ");
+                          }else{
+                                  if(first==1){
+                                          first=0;
+                                          printf("See log file for details...\n");
+                                  }
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>%d</th> ",iage);
+                                  fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", iage);
+                          }
+                          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                                  for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
+                                          pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage];
+                          }
+                          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                                  for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
+                                          pos += freq[jk][m][iage];
+                                  if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
+                                          if(first==1){
+                                                  printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
+                                          }
+                                          fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
+                                  }else{
+                                          if(first==1)
+                                                  printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+                                          fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+                                  }
+                          }
+                          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                                  /* posprop[jk]=0; */
+                                  for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)/* Summing on all ages */
+                                          pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage];
+                          }      /* pp[jk] is the total number of transitions starting from state jk and any ending status until this age */
+                          for(jk=1,pos=0, pospropta=0.; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                                  pos += pp[jk]; /* pos is the total number of transitions until this age */
+                                  posprop[jk] += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
+                                                                                                                                                                          from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
+                                  pospropta += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
+                                                                                                                                                                          from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
+                          }
+                          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                                  if(pos>=1.e-5){
+                                          if(first==1)
+                                                  printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+                                          fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
+                                  }else{
+                                          if(first==1)
+                                                  printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+                                          fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
+                                  }
+                                  if( iage <= iagemax){
+                                          if(pos>=1.e-5){
+                                                  fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
+                                                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
+                                                  /*probs[iage][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
+                                                  /*printf("\niage=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",iage,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[iage][jk][j1]);*/
+                                          }
+                                          else{
+                                                  fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
+                                                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>NaNq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
+                                          }
+                                  }
+                                  pospropt[jk] +=posprop[jk];
+                          } /* end loop jk */
+                          /* pospropt=0.; */
+                          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
+                                  for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
+                                          if(freq[jk][m][iage] !=0 ) { /* minimizing output */
+                                                  if(first==1){
+                                                          printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
+                                                  }
+                                                  fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
+                                          }
+                                          if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
+                                                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<td>%.0f</td> ",freq[jk][m][iage]);
+                                  }
+                          } /* end loop jk */
+                          posproptt=0.;
+                          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate; jk++){
+                                  posproptt += pospropt[jk];
+                          }
+                          fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</tr>\n ");
+                          if(iage <= iagemax){
+                                  fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
+                          }
+                          if(first==1)
+                                  printf("Others in log...\n");
+                          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                  } /* end loop age iage */
+                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr><th>Tot</th>");
+                  for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+                          if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>Nanq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk],posproptt);
+                          }else{
+                                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk]/posproptt,pospropt[jk],posproptt);
+                          }
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
+                  fprintf(ficresphtm,"</table>\n");
+                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
+                  if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
+                          fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
+                          fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
+                          fprintf(ficres,"\n  This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced\n\n",j1);
+                          invalidvarcomb[j1]=1;
+                  }else{
+                          fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p> This combination (%d) is valid and result will be produced.</p>",j1);
+                          invalidvarcomb[j1]=0;
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
+          } /* end selected combination of covariate j1 */
+          dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;
+          fclose(ficresp);
+          fclose(ficresphtm);
+          fclose(ficresphtmfr);
+          free_vector(meanq,1,nqveff);
+          free_matrix(meanqt,1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
+          free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
+          free_vector(pospropt,1,nlstate);
+          free_vector(posprop,1,nlstate);
+          free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
+          free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
+          /* End of freqsummary */
+  }
  /************ Prevalence ********************/
- void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
+  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
- {
+  {
-   /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
+    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
-      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
+       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
-      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
+       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
-   */
+    */
-   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
+    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
-   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
+    int mi; /* Effective wave */
-   double *pp, **prop;
+    int iage;
-   double pos,posprop;
+    double agebegin, ageend;
-   double  y2; /* in fractional years */
-   int iagemin, iagemax;
+    double **prop;
+    double posprop;
-   iagemin= (int) agemin;
+    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
-   iagemax= (int) agemax;
+    int iagemin, iagemax;
-   /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
+    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
-   prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
-   /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
+    iagemin= (int) agemin;
-   j1=0;
+    iagemax= (int) agemax;
+    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
-   j=cptcoveff;
+    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
-   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
+    j1=0;
-   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
-     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
+    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
-       j1++;
+    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)
+    first=1;
-         for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
+    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,nqveff);j1++){ /* For each combination of covariate */
-           prop[i][m]=0.0;
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)
+        for(iage=iagemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= iagemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++)
-       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
+          prop[i][iage]=0.0;
-         bool=1;
-         if  (cptcovn>0) {
+      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
-           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
+        bool=1;
-             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])
+        if  (cptcovn>0) {  /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
-               bool=0;
+          for (z1=1; z1<=nqveff; z1++) /* For each covariate, look at the value for individual i and checks if it is equal to the corresponding value of this covariate according to current combination j1*/
-         }
+            if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)])
-         if (bool==1) {
+              bool=0;
-           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
+        }
-             y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
+        if (bool==1) { /* For this combination of covariates values, this individual fits */
-             if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
+          /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/\* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*\/ */
-               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
+          for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
-               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
+            m=mw[mi][i];
-               if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m);
+            agebegin=agev[m][i]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
-               if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) {
+            /* ageend=agev[m][i]+(dh[m][i])*stepm/YEARM; /\* Age at end of wave and transition *\/ */
-                 /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
+            if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
-                 prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
+              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
-                 prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
+              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
-               }
+                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
-             }
+                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
-           } /* end selection of waves */
+                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin-AGEMARGE || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3+AGEMARGE){
-         }
+                  printf("Error on individual # %d agev[m][i]=%f <%d-%d or > %d+3+%d  m=%d; either change agemin or agemax or fix data\n",i, agev[m][i],iagemin,AGEMARGE, iagemax,AGEMARGE,m);
-       }
+                  exit(1);
-       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
+                }
+                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) {
-         for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) {
+                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
-           posprop += prop[jk][i];
+                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];/* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
-         }
+                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
+                } /* end valid statuses */
-         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
+              } /* end selection of dates */
-           if( i <=  iagemax){
+            } /* end selection of waves */
-             if(posprop>=1.e-5){
+          } /* end effective waves */
-               probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
+        } /* end bool */
-             }
+      }
-           }
+      for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
-         }/* end jk */
+        for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) {
-       }/* end i */
+          posprop += prop[jk][i];
-     } /* end i1 */
+        }
-   } /* end k1 */
+        for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
-   /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
+          if( i <=  iagemax){
-   /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
+            if(posprop>=1.e-5){
-   free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
+              probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
- }  /* End of prevalence */
+            } else{
+              if(first==1){
+                first=0;
+                printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }/* end jk */
+      }/* end i */
+      /*} *//* end i1 */
+    } /* end j1 */
+    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
+    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
+    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
+  }  /* End of prevalence */
  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
- Line 2173  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int
+ Line 4263  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int
       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       */
-   int i, mi, m;
+   int i=0, mi=0, m=0, mli=0;
    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
-   int first;
+   int first=0, firstwo=0, firsthree=0, firstfour=0, firstfiv=0;
    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
    double sum=0.;
    first=0;
-   jmin=1e+5;
+   firstwo=0;
+   firsthree=0;
+   firstfour=0;
+   jmin=100000;
    jmax=-1;
    jmean=0.;
-   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
-     mi=0;
+ /* Treating live states */
+   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /* For simple cases and if state is death */
+     mi=0;  /* First valid wave */
+                 mli=0; /* Last valid wave */
      m=firstpass;
-     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
+     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  /* a live state */
-       if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
+                         if(m >firstpass && s[m][i]==s[m-1][i] && mint[m][i]==mint[m-1][i] && anint[m][i]==anint[m-1][i]){/* Two succesive identical information on wave m */
-         mw[++mi][i]=m;
+                                 mli=m-1;/* mw[++mi][i]=m-1; */
-       if(m >=lastpass)
+                         }else if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* Since 0.98r4 if status=-2 vital status is really unknown, wave should be skipped */
-         break;
+                                 mw[++mi][i]=m;
-       else
+                                 mli=m;
-         m++;
+       } /* else might be a useless wave  -1 and mi is not incremented and mw[mi] not updated */
+       if(m < lastpass){ /* m < lastpass, standard case */
+                                 m++; /* mi gives the "effective" current wave, m the current wave, go to next wave by incrementing m */
+       }
+                         else{ /* m >= lastpass, eventual special issue with warning */
+ #ifdef UNKNOWNSTATUSNOTCONTRIBUTING
+                                 break;
+ #else
+                                 if(s[m][i]==-1 && (int) andc[i] == 9999 && (int)anint[m][i] != 9999){
+                                         if(firsthree == 0){
+                                                 printf("Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
+                                                 firsthree=1;
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
+                                         mw[++mi][i]=m;
+                                         mli=m;
+                                 }
+                                 if(s[m][i]==-2){ /* Vital status is really unknown */
+                                         nbwarn++;
+                                         if((int)anint[m][i] == 9999){  /*  Has the vital status really been verified? */
+                                                 printf("Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
+                                         }
+                                         break;
+                                 }
+                                 break;
+ #endif
+                         }/* End m >= lastpass */
      }/* end while */
-     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
+         /* mi is the last effective wave, m is lastpass, mw[j][i] gives the # of j-th effective wave for individual i */
+     /* After last pass */
+ /* Treating death states */
+     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /* In a death state */
+                         /* if( mint[m][i]==mdc[m][i] && anint[m][i]==andc[m][i]){ /\* same date of death and date of interview *\/ */
+                         /* } */
        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
-          /* Only death is a correct wave */
+                         /* Only death is a correct wave */
        mw[mi][i]=m;
      }
+ #ifndef DISPATCHINGKNOWNDEATHAFTERLASTWAVE
-     wav[i]=mi;
+                 else if ((int) andc[i] != 9999) { /* Status is negative. A death occured after lastpass, we can't take it into account because of potential bias */
+       /* m++; */
+       /* mi++; */
+       /* s[m][i]=nlstate+1;  /\* We are setting the status to the last of non live state *\/ */
+       /* mw[mi][i]=m; */
+       if ((int)anint[m][i]!= 9999) { /* date of last interview is known */
+                                 if((andc[i]+moisdc[i]/12.) <=(anint[m][i]+mint[m][i]/12.)){ /* death occured before last wave and status should have been death instead of -1 */
+                                         nbwarn++;
+                                         if(firstfiv==0){
+                                                 printf("Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
+                                                 firstfiv=1;
+                                         }else{
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
+                                         }
+                                 }else{ /* Death occured afer last wave potential bias */
+                                         nberr++;
+                                         if(firstwo==0){
+                                                 printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+                                                 firstwo=1;
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+                                 }
+       }else{ /* end date of interview is known */
+                                 /* death is known but not confirmed by death status at any wave */
+                                 if(firstfour==0){
+                                         printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+                                         firstfour=1;
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
+       }
+     } /* end if date of death is known */
+ #endif
+     wav[i]=mi; /* mi should be the last effective wave (or mli) */
+     /* wav[i]=mw[mi][i]; */
      if(mi==0){
        nbwarn++;
        if(first==0){
-         printf("Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
+                                 printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
-         first=1;
+                                 first=1;
        }
        if(first==1){
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
        }
      } /* end mi==0 */
    } /* End individuals */
+   /* wav and mw are no more changed */
    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
        if (stepm <=0)
-         dh[mi][i]=1;
+                                 dh[mi][i]=1;
        else{
-         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
+                                 if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
-           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
+                                         if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
-             j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);
+                                                 j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);
-             if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
+                                                 if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
-             else if(j<0){
+                                                 else if(j<0){
-               nberr++;
+                                                         nberr++;
-               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                         printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-               j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
+                                                         j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
-               printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
+                                                         printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
-               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-               fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
-             }
+                                                 }
-             k=k+1;
+                                                 k=k+1;
-             if (j >= jmax){
+                                                 if (j >= jmax){
-               jmax=j;
+                                                         jmax=j;
-               ijmax=i;
+                                                         ijmax=i;
-             }
+                                                 }
-             if (j <= jmin){
+                                                 if (j <= jmin){
-               jmin=j;
+                                                         jmin=j;
-               ijmin=i;
+                                                         ijmin=i;
-             }
+                                                 }
-             sum=sum+j;
+                                                 sum=sum+j;
-             /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
+                                                 /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
-             /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
+                                                 /*        printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
-           }
+                                         }
-         }
+                                 }
-         else{
+                                 else{
-           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
+                                         j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
-           k=k+1;
+                                         k=k+1;
-           if (j >= jmax) {
+                                         if (j >= jmax) {
-             jmax=j;
+                                                 jmax=j;
-             ijmax=i;
+                                                 ijmax=i;
-           }
+                                         }
-           else if (j <= jmin){
+                                         else if (j <= jmin){
-             jmin=j;
+                                                 jmin=j;
-             ijmin=i;
+                                                 ijmin=i;
-           }
+                                         }
-           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
+                                         /*          if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
-           /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
+                                         /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
-           if(j<0){
+                                         if(j<0){
-             nberr++;
+                                                 nberr++;
-             printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-             fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
-           }
+                                         }
-           sum=sum+j;
+                                         sum=sum+j;
-         }
+                                 }
-         jk= j/stepm;
+                                 jk= j/stepm;
-         jl= j -jk*stepm;
+                                 jl= j -jk*stepm;
-         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
+                                 ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
-         if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
+                                 if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
-           if(jl==0){
+                                         if(jl==0){
-             dh[mi][i]=jk;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk;
-             bh[mi][i]=0;
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=0;
-           }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
+                                         }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
-                   * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
+                                                                         * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
-             dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
-             bh[mi][i]=ju;
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=ju;
-           }
+                                         }
-         }else{
+                                 }else{
-           if(jl <= -ju){
+                                         if(jl <= -ju){
-             dh[mi][i]=jk;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk;
-             bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=jl;   /* bias is positive if real duration
-                                  * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
+                                                                                                          * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
-                                  */
+                                                                                                          */
-           }
+                                         }
-           else{
+                                         else{
-             dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
-             bh[mi][i]=ju;
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=ju;
-           }
+                                         }
-           if(dh[mi][i]==0){
+                                         if(dh[mi][i]==0){
-             dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
+                                                 dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
-             bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
+                                                 bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
-             /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
+                                                 /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
-           }
+                                         }
-         } /* end if mle */
+                                 } /* end if mle */
        }
      } /* end wave */
    }
    jmean=sum/k;
    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   }
  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
- void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
+  void tricode(int *cptcov, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
  {
+   /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
-   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
+   /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1
-   int cptcode=0;
+    * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
-   cptcoveff=0;
+    * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 4 (V4) even it is a time varying or quantitative variable
+    * nbcode[Tvar[5]][1]= nbcode[4][1]=0, nbcode[4][2]=1 (usually);
-   for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
+   */
-   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
-   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
-     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum
-                                modality*/
-       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
-       Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
-       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
-       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable
-                                        Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and
-                                        female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
-     }
-     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
-       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
-     }
-     ij=1;
-     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
-       for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
-         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
-           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
-           /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
-           ij++;
-         }
-         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;
-       }
-     }
-   }
-  for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
+   int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
+   int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
+   int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
+   int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
-  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {
-    /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
-    ij=Tvar[i];
-    Ndum[ij]++;
-  }
-  ij=1;
+   /* cptcoveff=0;  */
-  for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
+         /* *cptcov=0; */
-    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
-      Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
-      ij++;
-    }
-  }
-  cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
+   for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
+   /* Loop on covariates without age and products and no quantitative variable */
+   /* for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /\* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only *\/ */
+   for (j=1; j<=(*cptcov); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age + V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
+     for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
+     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the
+                                                                                                                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/
+                         if(Tvar[j]  >=1 && Tvar[j]  <= *cptcov){ /* A real fixed covariate */
+                                 ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
+                                                                                                                                                         * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
+                                                                                                                                                         * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
+                                                                                                                                                         * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
+                                 /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
+                                          modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
+                                 if (ij > modmaxcovj)
+                                         modmaxcovj=ij;
+                                 else if (ij < modmincovj)
+                                         modmincovj=ij;
+                                 if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
+                                         printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
+                                         exit(1);
+                                 }else
+                                         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
+       /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
+       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
+       /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
+                                  (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
+                                  female ies 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
+                         }
+                 } /* end for loop on individuals i */
+     printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
+     fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
+     cptcode=modmaxcovj;
+     /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
+                 /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
+     for (k=modmincovj;  k<=modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value k of the modality of model-cov j */
+       printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
+       fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
+       if( Ndum[k] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality k ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
+                                 if( k != -1){
+                                         ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
+                                                                                                                  covariate for which somebody answered excluding
+                                                                                                                  undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
+                                 }
+                                 ncodemaxwundef[j]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
+                                                                                                                                 covariate for which somebody answered including
+                                                                                                                                 undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
+       }
+       /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
+                          * historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
+     } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
+     /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
+     /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
+        If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
+        modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
+        There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
+        which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
+        defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
+        nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
+        nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
+        nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
+        nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
+        To be continued (not working yet).
+     */
+     ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
+     for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
+         if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
+                                 break;
+                         }
+                         ij++;
+                         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
+                         cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
+     } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
+     /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
+     /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
+     /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
+     /*                               then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
+     /*                            But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
+     /*  } */
+     /*  /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
+     /*  if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
+     /*    printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
+     /*    fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
+     /*    break; */
+     /*  } */
+     /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
+   } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/
+         for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
+   for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */
+                 /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
+                 ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
+                 Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
+         } /* V4+V3+V5, Ndum[1]@5={0, 0, 1, 1, 1} */
+         ij=0;
+         for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
+                 /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
+                 if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
+                         /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
+                         Tvaraff[++ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
+                 }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv)){
+                         Tvaraff[++ij]=-10; /* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet */
+                 }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv)){
+                         Tvaraff[++ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
+                 }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv)){
+                  Tvaraff[++ij]=-20; /* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet */
+                 }
+         } /* Tvaraff[1]@5 {3, 4, -20, 0, 0} Very strange */
+         /* ij--; */
+         /* cptcoveff=ij; /\*Number of total covariates*\/ */
+         *cptcov=ij; /*Number of total real effective covariates: effective
+                                                          * because they can be excluded from the model and real
+                                                          * if in the model but excluded because missing values*/
  }
  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
- void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
+ void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
  {
-   /* Health expectancies */
+   /* Health expectancies, no variances */
-   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
+   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
+   int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
    double age, agelim, hf;
-   double ***p3mat,***varhe;
+   double ***p3mat;
-   double **dnewm,**doldm;
+   double eip;
-   double *xp;
-   double **gp, **gm;
-   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
-   int theta;
-   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+   pstamp(ficreseij);
-   xp=vector(1,npar);
+   fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
-   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
-   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
-   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
-     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
-       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
+       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
+   }
    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
    if(estepm < stepm){
      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
    }
- Line 2421  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij
+ Line 4662  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij
    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
    agelim=AGESUP;
-   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
+   /* If stepm=6 months */
-     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
-     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);
-     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
-     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
-     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
-     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
-     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);
+ /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
+   nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
-     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
+   /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
+   /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
-     /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
+   nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
+   p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
-       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){
-         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       }
-       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
-       cptj=0;
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
-           cptj=cptj+1;
-           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
-             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
-           }
-         }
-       }
-       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
-         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
-       cptj=0;
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
-         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
-           cptj=cptj+1;
-           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
-             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
-           }
-         }
-       }
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*nlstate; j++)
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
-           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
-         }
-      }
- /* End theta */
-      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
-      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
+   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
-       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
+     nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
-         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
-           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
+     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
+     nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
-      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
+     /* If stepm=6 months */
-       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
+     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
-         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
+        in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
-      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
+     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);
-      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
-      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
+     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
-       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
-         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+     printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
-         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
-         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
-           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
-             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
-       }
-     }
      /* Computing expectancies */
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
- /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
+           /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
          }
      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
-     cptj=0;
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+       eip=0;
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
-         cptj++;
+         eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
-         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
+         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
        }
+       fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
+     }
      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
-     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
-     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    }
+   free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    printf("\n");
    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
-   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
  }
- /************ Variance ******************/
+ void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
- void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
  {
-   /* Variance of health expectancies */
+   /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
-   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
+      to initial status i, ei. .
-   /* double **newm;*/
+   */
+   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
+   int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
+   double age, agelim, hf;
+   double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
    double **dnewm,**doldm;
-   double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
+   double *xp, *xm;
-   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
+   double **gp, **gm;
-   int k, cptcode;
+   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
-   double *xp;
-   double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
-   double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
-   double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
-   double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
-   double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
-   double ***p3mat;
-   double age,agelim, hf;
-   double ***mobaverage;
    int theta;
-   char digit[4];
-   char digitp[25];
-   char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
+   double eip, vip;
-   if(popbased==1){
+   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-     if(mobilav!=0)
+   xp=vector(1,npar);
-       strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
+   xm=vector(1,npar);
-     else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
+   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
-   }
+   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
-   else
-     strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
+   pstamp(ficresstdeij);
+   fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
-   if (mobilav!=0) {
+   fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
-     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
-     if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
-       fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
-       printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+     fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
-     }
    }
+   fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
-   strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev");
+   pstamp(ficrescveij);
-   sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
+   fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
-   /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
+   fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
-   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
-   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
-   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
-   if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
-   }
-   printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
-   for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
-   }
-   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
-   /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
- /*   } */
-   varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-  fprintf(ficresvij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");
-   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
-       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
+       cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
-   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
+       for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
+         for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
-   xp=vector(1,npar);
+           cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
-   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
+           if(cptj2 <= cptj)
-   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+             fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
-   dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
+         }
-   doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+     }
+   fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
-   gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
    if(estepm < stepm){
      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
    }
    else  hstepm=estepm;
+   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
+    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
+    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
+    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear
+    * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
+    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we
+    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
+    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear
+    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
+    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.
       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
-      and note for a fixed period like k years */
+      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
-      means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
+      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
    */
    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
-   agelim = AGESUP;
-   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
-     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
-     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
-     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
-     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
-     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+   /* If stepm=6 months */
+   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
+   agelim=AGESUP;
+   nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm);
+   /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
+   /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
+   nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
+   p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+   p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+   gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
+   gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
+     nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
+     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
+     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
+     nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
+     /* If stepm=6 months */
+     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
+        in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
+     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
+     /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
+     /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
+        decrease memory allocation */
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
-       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
+       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){
          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
+         xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
        }
-       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
+       hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);
-       if (popbased==1) {
-         if(mobilav ==0){
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
-         }else{ /* mobilav */
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
-         }
-       }
        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
-           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
+           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
-             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
+             gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
-         }
+             gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
-       }
+           }
-       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
-          computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
-          as a weighted average of prlim.
-       */
-       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
-           gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
-       }
-       /* end probability of death */
-       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
-         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
-       if (popbased==1) {
-         if(mobilav ==0){
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
-         }else{ /* mobilav */
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
-         }
-       }
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
-             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
          }
        }
-       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
-          computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+       for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
-          as a weighted average of prlim.
+         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
-       */
+           gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
-       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
-          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
-       }
-       /* end probability of death */
-       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
-         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
          }
+     }/* End theta */
-       for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
-         gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
-       }
+     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
+       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
-     } /* End theta */
-     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
-     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
-       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
-     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
-       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+     for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
-         trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
+       for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
+         varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
-     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
+     printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
-     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+     fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
-       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
-         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
+       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
+         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
-     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
+         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
-       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
+         for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
-         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+           for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
-         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
+             varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
-         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
-           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
-             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
        }
      }
-     /* pptj */
+     /* Computing expectancies */
-     matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+     hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);
-     matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
-       for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
+         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
-         varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
+           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
-     /* end ppptj */
-     /*  x centered again */
+           /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
-     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
-     prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+         }
+     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+       eip=0.;
+       vip=0.;
+       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+         eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
+         for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
+           vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
+         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
+       }
+       fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
+     fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
+         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
+           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
+             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
+             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
+               fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
+           }
+       }
+     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
+   }
+   free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
+   free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+   free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+   printf("\n");
+   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+   free_vector(xm,1,npar);
+   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
+   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
+   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
+   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+ }
-     if (popbased==1) {
+ /************ Variance ******************/
-       if(mobilav ==0){
+  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+  {
-           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+    /* Variance of health expectancies */
-       }else{ /* mobilav */
+    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    /* double **newm;*/
-           prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+    /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
-       }
-     }
+    /* int movingaverage(); */
+    double **dnewm,**doldm;
-     /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
-        computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
-        as a weighted average of prlim.
+    int k;
+    double *xp;
+    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
+    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
+    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
+    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
+    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
+    double ***p3mat;
+    double age,agelim, hf;
+    /* double ***mobaverage; */
+    int theta;
+    char digit[4];
+    char digitp[25];
+    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    if(popbased==1){
+      if(mobilav!=0)
+        strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
+      else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
+    }
+    else
+      strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
+    /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
+    /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
+    /*   if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
+    /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
+    /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
+    /*   } */
+    /* } */
+    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-");
+    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
+    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
+    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
+    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
+    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
+    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
+    }
+    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
+    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
+    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
+    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
+    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
+      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
+    }
+    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
+    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
+    /*   } */
+    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    pstamp(ficresvij);
+    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
+    if(popbased==1)
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+    else
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
+    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
+    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
+    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
+    xp=vector(1,npar);
+    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
+    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
+    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
+    if(estepm < stepm){
+      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
+    }
+    else  hstepm=estepm;
+    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
+    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
+       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
+       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelim.
+       Look at function hpijx to understand why because of memory size limitations,
+       we decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
+       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
+       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
+       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
+       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
+    */
+    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
+    agelim = AGESUP;
+    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
+      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
+      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
+      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
+      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
+        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
+          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
+        }
+        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+        if (popbased==1) {
+          if(mobilav ==0){
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }else{ /* mobilav */
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }
+        }
+        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  /* Returns p3mat[i][j][h] for h=1 to nhstepm */
+        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
+          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
+              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
+          }
+        }
+        /* Next for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+           as a weighted average of prlim.
+        */
+        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
+            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+        }
+        /* end probability of death */
+        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
+          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
+        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp, ij);
+        if (popbased==1) {
+          if(mobilav ==0){
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }else{ /* mobilav */
+            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+          }
+        }
+        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
+        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
+          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
+              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
+          }
+        }
+        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+           as a weighted average of prlim.
+        */
+        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
+            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+        }
+        /* end probability of death */
+        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
+          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
+          }
+        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
+          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
+        }
+      } /* End theta */
+      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
+      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
+        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
+      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
+        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
+      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
+      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
+      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
+        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
+          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
+          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
+        }
+      }
+      /* pptj */
+      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
+      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
+          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
+      /* end ppptj */
+      /*  x centered again */
+      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+      if (popbased==1) {
+        if(mobilav ==0){
+          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
+        }else{ /* mobilav */
+          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
+        }
+      }
+      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
+         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months)
+         as a weighted average of prlim.
+      */
+      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);
+      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++)
+          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
+      }
+      /* end probability of death */
+      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
+      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
+        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
+        }
+      }
+      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
+      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
+        }
+      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
+      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
+      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
+      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
+      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+    } /* End age */
+    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
+    /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
+    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
+    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
      */
-     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
+    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
-       for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++)
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
-         gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
-     }
-     /* end probability of death */
-     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
-     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
-       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
-         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
-       }
-     }
-     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
-     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
-         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
-       }
-     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
-     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
-     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
-     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
-     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
-     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-   } /* End age */
-   free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
-   /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
-   /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
- */
- /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
-   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
+    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
-   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
+    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
+    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
-   free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
+    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
-   if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+    /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
-   fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
+    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
-   fflush(ficgp);
+    fflush(ficgp);
-   fflush(fichtm);
+    fflush(fichtm);
- }  /* end varevsij */
+  }  /* end varevsij */
  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
- void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
+  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, char strstart[])
  {
-   /* Variance of prevalence limit */
+   /* Variance of prevalence limit  for each state ij using current parameters x[] and estimates of neighbourhood give by delti*/
    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
-   double **newm;
    double **dnewm,**doldm;
    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
-   int k, cptcode;
    double *xp;
    double *gp, *gm;
    double **gradg, **trgradg;
+   double **mgm, **mgp;
    double age,agelim;
    int theta;
-   fprintf(ficresvpl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of stable prevalences \n");
+   pstamp(ficresvpl);
+   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
- Line 2871  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5275  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
+     mgp=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
+     mgm=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
- Line 2878  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5284  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
        }
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
-       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       else
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
+         mgp[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
+       }
        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
-       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
+       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
-       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       else
+         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
+       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
+         mgm[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
+       }
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
+       /* gradg[theta][2]= -gradg[theta][1]; */ /* For testing if nlstate=2 */
      } /* End theta */
      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
- Line 2897  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5312  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
+     /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
+     /*   printf("\nmgm mgp %d ",(int)age); */
+     /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
+     /*  printf(" %d ",j); */
+     /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
+     /*    printf(" %d %lf %lf",theta,mgm[theta][j],mgp[theta][j]); */
+     /*  printf("\n "); */
+     /*   } */
+     /* } */
+     /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
+     /*   printf("\n gradg %d ",(int)age); */
+     /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
+     /*  printf("%d ",j); */
+     /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
+     /*    printf("%d %lf ",theta,gradg[theta][j]); */
+     /*  printf("\n "); */
+     /*   } */
+     /* } */
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
+     if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80  ||(int)age== 81){
+     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
+     }else{
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
+     }
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
        varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
- Line 2911  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5349  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
+     free_matrix(mgm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
+     free_matrix(mgp,1,npar,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
    } /* End age */
- Line 2923  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
+ Line 5363  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double *
  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
- {
+  {
-   int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
+    int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
-   int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
+    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
-   int k=0,l, cptcode;
+    int k=0, l;
-   int first=1, first1;
+    int first=1, first1, first2;
-   double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
+    double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
-   double **dnewm,**doldm;
+    double **dnewm,**doldm;
-   double *xp;
+    double *xp;
-   double *gp, *gm;
+    double *gp, *gm;
-   double **gradg, **trgradg;
+    double **gradg, **trgradg;
-   double **mu;
+    double **mu;
-   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
+    double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
-   double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
+    double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
-   int theta;
+    int theta;
-   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
-   char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
+    double ***varpij;
-   double ***varpij;
+    strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_");
-   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");
+    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
-   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
+    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
-   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
+    }
-   }
+    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_");
-   strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov");
+    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
-   strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
+    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
-   if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
+    }
-   }
+    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_");
-   strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor");
+    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
-   strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
+    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
-   if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
+      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
-     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
+      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
+    }
-   }
+    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
-   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
+    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
-   printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
+    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
-   printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
+    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
+    pstamp(ficresprob);
-   fprintf(ficresprob, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
+    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
+    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
-   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
+    pstamp(ficresprobcov);
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
+    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
+    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
+    pstamp(ficresprobcor);
-   fprintf(ficresprobcor, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
+    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
+    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
+    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
-       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
-       fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
-       fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
+      }
-     }
+    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
-  /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
+       fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
+       fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
-   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
+    */
-  */
+    xp=vector(1,npar);
-  xp=vector(1,npar);
+    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
-   mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
+    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
-   varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
+    first=1;
-   first=1;
+    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
-   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
-   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
+    fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
+    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
-   file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
  and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
+    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
  It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
- Line 3012  standard deviations wide on each axis. <
+ Line 5450  standard deviations wide on each axis. <
   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
-   cov[1]=1;
+    cov[1]=1;
-   tj=cptcoveff;
+    /* tj=cptcoveff; */
-   if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    tj = (int) pow(2,nqveff);
-   j1=0;
+    if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-   for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
+    j1=0;
-     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){
+    for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){  /* For each valid combination of covariates or only once*/
-       j1++;
+      if  (cptcovn>0) {
-       if  (cptcovn>0) {
+        fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=nqveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
+        fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
-         fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=nqveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
-         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
+        fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=nqveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
+        fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
-         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
+        fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=nqveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
+        fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
-         fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");
-         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");
+        for (z1=1; z1<=nqveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
-         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");
-         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");
+        if(invalidvarcomb[j1]){
-       }
+          fprintf(ficgp,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",j1);
+          fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",j1);
-       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
+          continue;
-         cov[2]=age;
+        }
-         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
+      }
-           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
+      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-         }
+      trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
+      gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
+      gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
+      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
+        cov[2]=age;
-         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+        if(nagesqr==1)
-         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+          cov[3]= age*age;
-         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
-         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
+          /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
-         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
+                                                                     * 1  1 1 1 1
-           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
+                                                                     * 2  2 1 1 1
-             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
+                                                                     * 3  1 2 1 1
+                                                                     */
-           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
+          /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
+        }
-           k=0;
+        /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
-           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
+        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
-             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
-               k=k+1;
+          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
-               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
-             }
-           }
+        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
+          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
-           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
+            xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
-             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
+          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
-           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
-           k=0;
+          k=0;
-           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
+          for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
-             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-               k=k+1;
+              k=k+1;
-               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
+              gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
-             }
+            }
-           }
+          }
-           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)
+          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
-             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];
+            xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
-         }
+          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
-         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
+          k=0;
-           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
+          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
-             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
+            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
+              k=k+1;
-         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
+              gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
-         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
+            }
-         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+          }
-         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+          for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)
-         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];
+        }
-         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
-         k=0;
-         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
-           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-             k=k+1;
-             mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
-           }
-         }
-         for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-           for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
-             varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
-         /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
-           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-           printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
-           fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
-           }*/
-         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-           fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
-         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
-           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
-         }
-         i=0;
-         for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
-           for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){
-             i=i++;
-             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
-             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
-             for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
-               fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
-               fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
-             }
-           }
-         }/* end of loop for state */
-       } /* end of loop for age */
-       /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
-       /*
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
-         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
-         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
-         fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
-       */
-       /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
+        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
-       first1=1;
+          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
-       for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
+            trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
-         for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){
-           if(l2==k2) continue;
+        matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
-           j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
+        matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
-           for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
-             for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){
+        pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
-               if(l1==k1) continue;
-               i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
+        k=0;
-               if(i<=j) continue;
+        for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
-               for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
+          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
-                 if ((int)age %5==0){
+            k=k+1;
-                   v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
+            mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
-                   v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
+          }
-                   cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
+        }
-                   mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
+        for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-                   mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
+          for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
-                   c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
+            varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
-                   /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
-                   lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+        /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
-                   lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-                   /* Eigen vectors */
+          printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
-                   v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
+          fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
-                   /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
+          }*/
-                   v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
-                   v12=-v21;
+        fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-                   v22=v11;
+        fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-                   tnalp=v21/v11;
+        fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
-                   if(first1==1){
-                     first1=0;
+        for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
-                     printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+          fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
-                   }
+        for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
-                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
-                   /*printf(fignu*/
+          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
-                   /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
+        }
-                   /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
+        i=0;
-                   if(first==1){
+        for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
-                     first=0;
+          for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
+            i++;
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
+            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
+            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
+            for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
-  :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
+              /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
- %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
+              fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
-                             subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
+              fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
-                             subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+            }
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+          }
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
+        }/* end of loop for state */
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+      } /* end of loop for age */
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
+      free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
+      free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
+      free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
+      free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
-                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
-                   }else{
+      /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
-                     first=0;
+      /*
-                     fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
-                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
-                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
-                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
-                   }/* if first */
+        fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
-                 } /* age mod 5 */
+      */
-               } /* end loop age */
-               fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+      /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
-               first=1;
+      first1=1;first2=2;
-             } /*l12 */
+      for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
-           } /* k12 */
+        for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){
-         } /*l1 */
+          if(l2==k2) continue;
-       }/* k1 */
+          j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
-     } /* loop covariates */
+          for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
-   }
+            for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){
-   free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+              if(l1==k1) continue;
-   free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
+              i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
-   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
+              if(i<=j) continue;
-   fclose(ficresprob);
+              for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
-   fclose(ficresprobcov);
+                if ((int)age %5==0){
-   fclose(ficresprobcor);
+                  v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
-   fflush(ficgp);
+                  v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
-   fflush(fichtmcov);
+                  cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
- }
+                  mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
+                  mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
+                  c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
+                  /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
+                  lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+                  lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
+                  if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
+                    if(first2==1){
+                      first1=0;
+                      printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
+                    }
+                    fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
+                    /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
+                    /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
+                  }
+                  /* Eigen vectors */
+                  v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
+                  /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
+                  v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
+                  v12=-v21;
+                  v22=v11;
+                  tnalp=v21/v11;
+                  if(first1==1){
+                    first1=0;
+                    printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+                  }
+                  fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
+                  /*printf(fignu*/
+                  /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
+                  /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
+                  if(first==1){
+                    first=0;
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
+  :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">                                                                                                                                           \
+ %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
+                            subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,      \
+                            subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",      \
+                            mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                                                         \
+                            mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
+                  }else{
+                    first=0;
+                    fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
+                    fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not", \
+                            mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                 \
+                            mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
+                  }/* if first */
+                } /* age mod 5 */
+              } /* end loop age */
+              fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
+              first=1;
+            } /*l12 */
+          } /* k12 */
+        } /*l1 */
+      }/* k1 */
+    }  /* loop on combination of covariates j1 */
+    free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+    free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
+    free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
+    free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
+    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
+    fclose(ficresprob);
+    fclose(ficresprobcov);
+    fclose(ficresprobcor);
+    fflush(ficgp);
+    fflush(fichtmcov);
+  }
  /******************* Printing html file ***********/
- void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
+ void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                    int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                    int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
-                   int popforecast, int estepm ,\
+                   int popforecast, int prevfcast, int backcast, int estepm , \
-                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
+                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, double dateprev1, \
-                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
+                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2, double dateprev2){
    int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
     <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
  </ul>");
-    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
+    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n");
-  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
+    fprintf(fichtm,"<li>- Observed frequency between two states (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file)<br/>\n",
-            jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
+            jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"<li> - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file) ",
+            jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,",  <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (text file) <br>\n",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
-            stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
+            stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
-  - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+  - Estimated back transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
-            subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
+            stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
-  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): \
+  - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-    <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
-            estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>i.</sub> (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>ij</sub> . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
+    <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+            estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
+    if(prevfcast==1){
+      fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Prevalence projections by age and states:                            \
+    <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
+    }
+    fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
- fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
+    m=pow(2,nqveff);
+    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-  m=cptcoveff;
+    jj1=0;
-  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
-  jj1=0;
+      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
-  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
-    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
       jj1++;
       if (cptcovn > 0) {
         fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
-        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)
+        for (cpt=1; cpt<=nqveff;cpt++){
-          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
+          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
+          printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout);
+        }
         fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
+        if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",k1);
+          printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+          continue;
+        }
       }
+      /* aij, bij */
+      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model (yours is: 1+age+%s), for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",model,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
       /* Pij */
-      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: %s%d1.png<br> \
+      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- P<sub>ij</sub> or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
- <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
       /* Quasi-incidences */
-      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
+      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- I<sub>ij</sub> or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
-  before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: %s%d2.png<br> \
+  before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too, \
- <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);
+  incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability  <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub> \
-        /* Stable prevalence in each health state */
+ divided by h: <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub>/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
-        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
-          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br> \
+      /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
- <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
+      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions in state %d. Or probability to survive in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1);
+      }
+      /* State specific survival functions (period) */
+      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in each live state and total.\
+  Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.     \
+  <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1);
+      }
+      /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
+      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1);
+      }
+      if(backcast==1){
+        /* Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state */
+        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) back prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1);
+        }
+      }
+      if(prevfcast==1){
+        /* Projection of prevalence up to period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
+        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Projection of cross-sectional prevalence (estimated with cases observed from %.1f to %.1f) up to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", dateprev1, dateprev2, cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1);
         }
+      }
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
-         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br> \
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">%s_%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
- <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
+ <img src=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1);
       }
-    } /* end i1 */
+      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
-  }/* End k1 */
+    }/* End k1 */
-  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
  \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
-  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
+  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
+  - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file if optimization has been done (mle != 0).<br> \
+ But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
+ and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
+ be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
+ variances but at the covariance matrix. And instead of looking at the estimated coefficients \
+ (parameters) of the logistic regression, it might be more meaningful to visualize the \
+ covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
+ See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
-  fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+    fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
-          subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
-  - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
+  - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
-          estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
+    <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+            estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
-  - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
-          subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
+  - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
-  fprintf(fichtm,"\
+    <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
-  - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
+            estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
-          subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
+            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
+            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
+    fprintf(fichtm,"\
+  - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
+            subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
  /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
  /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
- Line 3326  fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b>
+ Line 5857  fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b>
  /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
  /*  else  */
  /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
-  fflush(fichtm);
+    fflush(fichtm);
-  fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
+    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
-  m=cptcoveff;
+    m=pow(2,nqveff);
-  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
+    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
-  jj1=0;
+    jj1=0;
-  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
+    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
-    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
+      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
       jj1++;
       if (cptcovn > 0) {
         fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
-        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)
+        for (cpt=1; cpt<=nqveff;cpt++)
-          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
+          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
         fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
+        if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h4>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h4>\n",k1);
+          continue;
+        }
       }
       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
-        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
+        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
- prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
+ prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\"> %s_%d-%d.svg</a>\n <br>\
- <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);
+ <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);
       }
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
- health expectancies in states (1) and (2): %s%d.png<br>\
+ health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
- <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
+ true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
-    } /* end i1 */
+  drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
-  }/* End k1 */
+  observed and cahotic prevalences:  <a href=\"%s_%d.svg\">%s_%d.svg</a>\n<br>\
-  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
+ <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
-  fflush(fichtm);
+      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
+    }/* End k1 */
+    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
+    fflush(fichtm);
  }
  /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
- void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
+ void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , int prevfcast, int backcast, char pathc[], double p[]){
    char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
-   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
+   char gplotcondition[132];
-   int ng;
+   int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
+   int lv=0, vlv=0, kl=0;
+   int ng=0;
+   int vpopbased;
+   int ioffset; /* variable offset for columns */
  /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
  /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
  /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
- Line 3369  void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], cha
+ Line 5913  void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], cha
    /*#ifdef windows */
    fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
-     /*#endif */
+   /*#endif */
-   m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+   m=pow(2,nqveff);
+   /* Contribution to likelihood */
+   /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter pngcairo size 640, 480");
+ /* nice for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
+    replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
+ /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-dest.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):6 t \"All sample, transitions colored by destination\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-ori.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):5 t \"All sample, transitions colored by origin\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
+   for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-p%dj.png\";set ylabel \"Probability for each individual/wave\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),i);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"unset log;\n# plot weighted, mean weight should have point size of 0.5\n plot  \"%s\"",subdirf(fileresilk));
+     fprintf(ficgp,"  u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable \\\n",i,1,i,1);
+     for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++) {
+       fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n \"\" u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable ",i,j,i,j);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficgp,";\nset out; unset ylabel;\n");
+   }
+   /* unset log; plot  "rrtest1_sorted_4/ILK_rrtest1_sorted_4.txt" u  2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with points lc variable */
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk)); */
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk)); */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;unset log\n");
+   /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
    strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
    strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
-  /* 1eme*/
+   /* 1eme*/
-   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
+   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each live state */
-    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
+     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each valid combination of covariate */
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
+       /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files ");
-      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
+       for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate k get corresponding value lv for combination k1 */
- set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
+         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the value of the covariate corresponding to k1 combination */
- set ter png small\n\
+         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
- set size 0.65,0.65\n\
+         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
- plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
+         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* vlv is the value of the covariate lv, 0 or 1 */
-      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+         /* For each combination of covariate k1 (V1=1, V3=0), we printed the current covariate k and its value vlv */
-        if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
+         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
-        else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
+       }
-      }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stable prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
-      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
-        if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
+         continue;
-        else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
+       }
-      }
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
-      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
-        if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
+       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
-        else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
+ set ylabel \"Probability\" \n   \
-      }
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n     \
-      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
+ plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
-    }
-   }
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+         else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+         else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
+         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+         else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence\" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
+       if(backcast==1){ /* We need to get the corresponding values of the covariates involved in this combination k1 */
+         /* fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Backward stable prevalence\" w l lt 3",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),k1-1,k1-1,1+cpt); */
+         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u 1:((",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_")); /* Age is in 1 */
+         if(nqveff ==0){
+           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d)) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line ",  2+(cpt-1),  cpt );
+         }else{
+           kl=0;
+           for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each combination of covariate  */
+             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
+             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+             kl++;
+             /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
+             /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+             /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+             /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
+             if(k==nqveff){
+               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d : 1/0) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
++(cpt-1),  cpt );
+             }else{
+               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d && ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
+               kl++;
+             }
+           } /* end covariate */
+         } /* end if no covariate */
+       } /* end if backcast */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
+     } /* k1 */
+   } /* cpt */
    /*2 eme*/
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
-     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
-     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files ");
+     for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
-     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
+       lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
-       k=2*i;
+       /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
-       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
+       /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
-         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
+       vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
-         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
+       fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
-       }
+     }
-       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
-       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
+     if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
-       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
+       continue;
-         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
+     }
-         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
-       }
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1);
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
+     for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
+       if(vpopbased==0)
-       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
+         fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
-         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
+       else
-         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot ");
-       }
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
-       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
+         k=2*i;
-       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ?$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1, vpopbased);
-     }
+         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
-   }
+           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+         }
+         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i);
+         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i-1,i+1);
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4-$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
+         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
+           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+         }
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4+$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
+         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
+           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
+           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
+         }
+         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
+         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,\\\n");
+       } /* state */
+     } /* vpopbased */
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1); /* Buggy gnuplot */
+   } /* k1 */
    /*3eme*/
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
      for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
-       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 3d: Life expectancy with EXP_ files:  cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
+       for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
-       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
+         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
- set size 0.65,0.65\n\
+         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
- plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
+         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+         continue;
+       }
+       /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
+       k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
+ plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
        /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
          for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
          fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
          for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
        */
        for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
-         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
+         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
+         /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
        }
+       fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
      }
    }
-   /* CV preval stable (period) */
+   /* 4eme */
-   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
+   /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
-     for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
+   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
+     for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'LIJ_' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+         continue;
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
        k=3;
-       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
-       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
+         if(i==1){
- set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
+           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
- unset log y\n\
+         }else{
- plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
+           fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+         }
-       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
+         l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
-         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
+         fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
-       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
+         for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
+           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
-       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
+         fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
-       fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
+       } /* nlstate */
-       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
-         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
+     } /* end cpt state*/
-         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
+   } /* end covariate */
+ /* 5eme */
+   /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
+   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
+     for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+                                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                 continue;
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+       k=3;
+       for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
+                                 if(j==1)
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
+                                 else
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+                                 l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
+                                 /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
+                                 /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
+       } /* nlstate */
+       fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+       fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
+       for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
+                                 l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
+                                 if(j < nlstate)
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
+                                 else
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
+     } /* end cpt state*/
+   } /* end covariate */
+ /* 6eme */
+   /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
+   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
+     for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+       for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+                                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                 continue;
        }
-       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);
-     }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1);
-   }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                              \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+       k=3; /* Offset */
+       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
+                                 if(i==1)
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
+                                 else
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+                                 l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
+                                 fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
+                                 for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
+       } /* nlstate */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
+     } /* end cpt state*/
+   } /* end covariate */
+ /* 7eme */
+   if(backcast == 1){
+     /* CV back preval stable (period) for each covariate */
+     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
+       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV Back preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+                                 for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
+                                         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+                                 if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                         continue;
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+                                 k=3; /* Offset */
+                                 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
+                                         if(i==1)
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
+                                         else
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
+                                         /* l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1; */
+                                         l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1)+1;
+                                         /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
+                                         /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
+                                         fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /* a vérifier */
+                                         /* for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++) */
+                                         /*      fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); */
+                                         /*      /\* fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); *\/ */
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"bprev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
+                                 } /* nlstate */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
+       } /* end cpt state*/
+     } /* end covariate */
+   } /* End if backcast */
+   /* 8eme */
+   if(prevfcast==1){
+     /* Projection from cross-sectional to stable (period) for each covariate */
+     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
+       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#Projection of prevalence to stable (period): 'PROJ_' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
+                                 for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each correspondig covariate value  */
+                                         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
+                                         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
+                                 if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1);
+                                         continue;
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"# hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev\n ");
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1);
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Prevalence\" \n\
+ set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
+ unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
+ plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
+                                 for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++){  /* nlstate +1 p11 p21 p.1 */
+                                         /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
+                                         /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
+                                         /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
+                                         /*#   1       2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
+                                         if(i==1){
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
+                                         }else{
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n '' ");
+                                         }
+                                         if(nqveff ==0){ /* No covariate */
+                                                 ioffset=2; /* Age is in 2 */
+                                                 /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
+                                                 /*#   1       2   3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
+                                                 /*# V1  = 1 yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
+                                                 /*#  1    2        3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(", ioffset);
+                                                 if(i==nlstate+1)
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'pw.%d' with line ",                    \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
+                                                 else
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'p%d%d' with line ",                    \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
+                                         }else{ /* more than 2 covariates */
+                                                 if(nqveff ==1){
+                                                         ioffset=4; /* Age is in 4 */
+                                                 }else{
+                                                         ioffset=6; /* Age is in 6 */
+                                                         /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
+                                                         /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
+                                                 }
+                                                 fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(",ioffset);
+                                                 kl=0;
+                                                 strcpy(gplotcondition,"(");
+                                                 for (k=1; k<=nqveff; k++){    /* For each covariate writing the chain of conditions */
+                                                         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,nqveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to combination k1 and covariate k */
+                                                         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
+                                                         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
+                                                         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
+                                                         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* Value of the modality of Tvaraff[k] */
+                                                         kl++;
+                                                         sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),"$%d==%d && $%d==%d " ,kl,Tvaraff[k], kl+1, nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
+                                                         kl++;
+                                                         if(k <nqveff && nqveff>1)
+                                                                 sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition)," && ");
+                                                 }
+                                                 strcpy(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),")");
+                                                 /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
+                                                 /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+                                                 /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */
+                                                 /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
+                                                 if(i==nlstate+1){
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p.%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
+                                                 }else{
+                                                         fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p%d%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
+                                                                                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1), ioffset +1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
+                                                 }
+                                         } /* end if covariate */
+                                 } /* nlstate */
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
+       } /* end cpt state*/
+     } /* end covariate */
+   } /* End if prevfcast */
    /* proba elementaires */
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
+     fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
        if (k != i) {
-         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
-           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
+                                 for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
-           jk++;
+                                         fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
-           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
+                                         jk++;
-         }
+                                 }
+                                 fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
        }
      }
-    }
+   }
+   fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
-    for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
-      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
+   /*goto avoid;*/
-        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng);
+   fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
-        if (ng==2)
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
-        else
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
-          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
-        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
-        i=1;
+   fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
-        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
-          k3=i;
+   fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
-          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
+   fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
-            if (k != k2){
+   fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
-              if(ng==2)
+   fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
-                fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
+   fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
-              else
+   fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
-                fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
+   for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
-              ij=1;
+     fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
-              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
+     fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",nqveff,m);
-                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
+     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
-                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
+       fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
-                  ij++;
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
-                }
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
-                else
+       if (ng==1){
-                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
-              }
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
-              fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
+       }else if (ng==2){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
+       }else if (ng==3){
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
+       }else
+         fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+       i=1;
+       for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
+         k3=i;
+         for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
+           if (k != k2){
+             switch( ng) {
+             case 1:
+               if(nagesqr==0)
+                 fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
+                 fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
+               break;
+             case 2: /* ng=2 */
+               if(nagesqr==0)
+                 fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
+                 fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
+               break;
+             case 3:
+               if(nagesqr==0)
+                 fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
+                 fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
+               break;
+             }
+             ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
+             for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
+               /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
+               if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
+                 if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
+                   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
+                   /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
+                   ij++;
+                 }
+               }
+               else
+                 fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
+             }
+           }else{
+             i=i-ncovmodel;
+             if(ng !=1 ) /* For logit formula of log p11 is more difficult to get */
+               fprintf(ficgp," (1.");
+           }
+           if(ng != 1){
+             fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
-              for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){
+             for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){
-                fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
+               if(nagesqr==0)
-                ij=1;
+                 fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
-                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
+               else /* nagesqr =1 */
-                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
+                 fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
-                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
-                    ij++;
+               ij=1;
-                  }
+               for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
-                  else
+                 if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
-                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
+                   if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
-                }
+                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
-                fprintf(ficgp,")");
+                     /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
-              }
+                     ij++;
-              fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
+                   }
-              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
+                 }
-              i=i+ncovmodel;
+                 else
-            }
+                   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
-          } /* end k */
+               }
-        } /* end k2 */
+               fprintf(ficgp,")");
-      } /* end jk */
+             }
-    } /* end ng */
+             fprintf(ficgp,")");
-    fflush(ficgp);
+             if(ng ==2)
+               fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
+             else /* ng= 3 */
+               fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
+           }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
+             if( k !=k2) /* logit p11 is hard to draw */
+               fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
+           }
+           if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath) && ng != 1)
+             fprintf(ficgp,",");
+           if (ng == 1 && k!=k2 && (k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath))
+             fprintf(ficgp,",");
+           i=i+ncovmodel;
+         } /* end k */
+       } /* end k2 */
+       fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
+     } /* end jk */
+   } /* end ng */
+   /* avoid: */
+   fflush(ficgp);
  }  /* end gnuplot */
  /*************** Moving average **************/
- int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
+ /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav, double bageout, double fageout){ */
+  int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
-   int i, cpt, cptcod;
-   int modcovmax =1;
+    int i, cpt, cptcod;
-   int mobilavrange, mob;
+    int modcovmax =1;
-   double age;
+    int mobilavrange, mob;
+    int iage=0;
-   modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose
-                            a covariate has 2 modalities */
+    double sum=0.;
-   if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
+    double age;
+    double *sumnewp, *sumnewm;
-   if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
+    double *agemingood, *agemaxgood; /* Currently identical for all covariates */
-     if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
-     else mobilavrange=mobilav;
-     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
+    /* modcovmax=2*nqveff;/\* Max number of modalities. We suppose  */
-       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+    /*              a covariate has 2 modalities, should be equal to ncovcombmax  *\/ */
-         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
-           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+    sumnewp = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-     /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for
+    sumnewm = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-        fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
+    agemingood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-        we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned.
+    agemaxgood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
-     */
-     for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
+    for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
-       for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
+      sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
-         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+      sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
-           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
+      agemingood[cptcod]=0;
-             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+      agemaxgood[cptcod]=0;
-               for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
+    }
-                 mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
+    if (cptcovn<1) ncovcombmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
-                 mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
-               }
+    if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
-             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
+      if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
-           }
+      else mobilavrange=mobilav;
-         }
+      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
-       }/* end age */
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-     }/* end mob */
+          for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++)
-   }else return -1;
+            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
-   return 0;
+      /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for
- }/* End movingaverage */
+         fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
+         we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned.
+      */
+      for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
+        for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
+          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+            for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
+              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+              for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
+                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
+                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
+              }
+              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
+            }
+          }
+        }/* end age */
+      }/* end mob */
+    }else
+      return -1;
+    for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
+      /* for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){ */
+      if(invalidvarcomb[cptcod]){
+        printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",cptcod);
+        continue;
+      }
+      agemingood[cptcod]=fage-(mob-1)/2;
+      for (age=fage-(mob-1)/2; age>=bage; age--){/* From oldest to youngest, finding the youngest wrong */
+        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+        }
+        if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
+          agemingood[cptcod]=age;
+        }else{ /* bad */
+          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          } /* i */
+        } /* end bad */
+      }/* age */
+      sum=0.;
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+        sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+      }
+      if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
+        printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any descending age!\n",cptcod);
+        /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
+        /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
+        /* } /\* i *\/ */
+      } /* end bad */
+      /* else{ /\* We found some ages summing to one, we will smooth the oldest *\/ */
+      /* From youngest, finding the oldest wrong */
+      agemaxgood[cptcod]=bage+(mob-1)/2;
+      for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage; age++){
+        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+        }
+        if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
+          agemaxgood[cptcod]=age;
+        }else{ /* bad */
+          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          } /* i */
+        } /* end bad */
+      }/* age */
+      sum=0.;
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+        sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+      }
+      if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
+        printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any ascending age!\n",cptcod);
+        /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
+        /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
+        /* } /\* i *\/ */
+      } /* end bad */
+      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++){
+        printf("%d %d ", cptcod, (int)age);
+        sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
+        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
+        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+          sumnewp[cptcod]+=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+          sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
+          /* printf("%.4f %.4f ",probs[(int)age][i][cptcod], mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
+        }
+        /* printf("%.4f %.4f \n",sumnewp[cptcod], sumnewm[cptcod]); */
+      }
+      /* printf("\n"); */
+      /* } */
+      /* brutal averaging */
+      for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+        for (age=1; age<=bage; age++){
+          mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
+        }
+        for (age=fage; age<=AGESUP; age++){
+          mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
+          /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
+        }
+      } /* end i status */
+      for (i=nlstate+1; i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++){
+        for (age=1; age<=AGESUP; age++){
+          /*printf("i=%d, age=%d, cptcod=%d\n",i, (int)age, cptcod);*/
+          mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=0.;
+        }
+      }
+    }/* end cptcod */
+    free_vector(sumnewm,1, ncovcombmax);
+    free_vector(sumnewp,1, ncovcombmax);
+    free_vector(agemaxgood,1, ncovcombmax);
+    free_vector(agemingood,1, ncovcombmax);
+    return 0;
+  }/* End movingaverage */
  /************** Forecasting ******************/
- prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
+ void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int nqveff){
    /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection
       agemin, agemax range of age
       dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
       anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
    */
-   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
+   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
-   int *popage;
    double agec; /* generic age */
    double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
    double *popeffectif,*popcount;
    double ***p3mat;
-   double ***mobaverage;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
    char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
    agelim=AGESUP;
-   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
+   /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
+      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
+      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
+   */
+   /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ */
+   /*          firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); */
-   strcpy(fileresf,"f");
+   strcpy(fileresf,"F_");
-   strcat(fileresf,fileres);
+   strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
    if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
      printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
    }
-   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
+   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
-   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
+   if (nqveff==0) ncodemax[nqveff]=1;
-   if (mobilav!=0) {
-     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
-     if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
-       fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-       printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-     }
-   }
    stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
    if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
- Line 3645  prevforecast(char fileres[], double anpr
+ Line 6736  prevforecast(char fileres[], double anpr
    if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
    if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
-   i1=cptcoveff;
+   i1=nqveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
    fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2);
- Line 3654  prevforecast(char fileres[], double anpr
+ Line 6745  prevforecast(char fileres[], double anpr
  /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
    for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
+     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[nqveff];cptcod++){
        k=k+1;
-       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
+       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#");
-       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
-         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
+                                 fprintf(ficresf," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
        }
-       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficresf," yearproj age");
-       fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
-         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
-         fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
+                                 fprintf(ficresf," wp.%d",j);
        }
        for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {
-         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
-         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);
+                                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);
+                                 for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){
-         for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){
+                                         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);
-           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);
+                                         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
-           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
+                                         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+                                         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+                                         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
-           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
+                                         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+                                                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
-             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
-               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+               for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
-                 fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
+                 fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-               fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
+                                                         fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
-             }
+                                                 }
-             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
+                                                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
-               ppij=0.;
+                                                         ppij=0.;
-               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
+                                                         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
-                 if (mobilav==1)
+                                                                 if (mobilav==1)
-                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
+                                                                         ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
-                 else {
+                                                                 else {
-                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
+                                                                         ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
-                 }
+                                                                 }
-                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
+                                                                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
-                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
+                                                                         fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
-                 }
+                                                                 }
-               } /* end i */
+                                                         } /* end i */
-               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
+                                                         if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
-                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
+                                                                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
-               }
+                                                         }
-             }/* end j */
+                                                 }/* end j */
-           } /* end h */
+                                         } /* end h */
-           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+                                         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-         } /* end agec */
+                                 } /* end agec */
        } /* end yearp */
      } /* end cptcod */
    } /* end  cptcov */
-   if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
    fclose(ficresf);
+   printf("End of Computing forecasting \n");
+   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing forecasting\n");
  }
+ /* /\************** Back Forecasting ******************\/ */
+ /* void prevbackforecast(char fileres[], double anback1, double mback1, double jback1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anback2, double p[], int nqveff){ */
+ /*   /\* back1, year, month, day of starting backection  */
+ /*      agemin, agemax range of age */
+ /*      dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed */
+ /*      anback2 year of en of backection (same day and month as back1). */
+ /*   *\/ */
+ /*   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1; */
+ /*   double agec; /\* generic age *\/ */
+ /*   double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean; */
+ /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
+ /*   double ***p3mat; */
+ /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
+ /*   char fileresfb[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
+ /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
+ /*   /\* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people */
+ /*      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2). */
+ /*      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection. */
+ /*   *\/ */
+ /*   /\* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ *\/ */
+ /*   /\*              firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); *\/ */
+ /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
+ /*   strcpy(fileresfb,"FB_");  */
+ /*   strcat(fileresfb,fileresu); */
+ /*   if((ficresfb=fopen(fileresfb,"w"))==NULL) { */
+ /*     printf("Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
+ /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   printf("Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
+ /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
+ /*   if (nqveff==0) ncodemax[nqveff]=1; */
+ /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
+ /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
+ /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
+ /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
+ /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
+ /*   /\*   } *\/ */
+ /*   /\* } *\/ */
+ /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
+ /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
+ /*   if(estepm < stepm){ */
+ /*     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm); */
+ /*   } */
+ /*   else  hstepm=estepm;    */
+ /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
+ /*   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/\* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and */
+ /*                                fractional in yp1 *\/ */
+ /*   anprojmean=yp; */
+ /*   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp); */
+ /*   mprojmean=yp; */
+ /*   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp); */
+ /*   jprojmean=yp; */
+ /*   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
+ /*   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
+ /*   i1=nqveff; */
+ /*   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;} */
+ /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2);  */
+ /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"#****** Routine prevbackforecast **\n"); */
+ /*      /\*           if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ *\/ */
+ /*   for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+ /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[nqveff];cptcod++){ */
+ /*       k=k+1; */
+ /*       fprintf(ficresfb,"\n#****** hbijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#"); */
+ /*       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) { */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       fprintf(ficresfb," yearbproj age"); */
+ /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  */
+ /*                              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               */
+ /*           fprintf(ficresfb," p%d%d",i,j); */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," p.%d",j); */
+ /*       } */
+ /*       for (yearp=0; yearp>=(anback2-anback1);yearp -=stepsize) {  */
+ /*                              /\* for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {  *\/ */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
+ /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n# Back Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jback1,mback1,anback1+yearp);    */
+ /*                              for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){  */
+ /*                                      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);  */
+ /*                                      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
+ /*                                      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
+ /*                                      oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
+ /*                                      hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k);       */
+ /*                                      for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
+ /*                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) { */
+ /*               fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
+ /*               for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)  */
+ /*                 fprintf(ficresfb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
+ /*                                                      fprintf(ficresfb,"%.f %.f ",anback1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
+ /*                                              }  */
+ /*                                              for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
+ /*                                                      ppij=0.; */
+ /*                                                      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) { */
+ /*                                                              if (mobilav==1)  */
+ /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod]; */
+ /*                                                              else { */
+ /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod]; */
+ /*                                                              } */
+ /*                                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) { */
+ /*                                                                      fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]); */
+ /*                                                              } */
+ /*                                                      } /\* end i *\/ */
+ /*                                                      if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) { */
+ /*                                                              fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", ppij); */
+ /*                                                      } */
+ /*                                              }/\* end j *\/ */
+ /*                                      } /\* end h *\/ */
+ /*                                      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
+ /*                              } /\* end agec *\/ */
+ /*       } /\* end yearp *\/ */
+ /*     } /\* end cptcod *\/ */
+ /*   } /\* end  cptcov *\/ */
+ /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
+ /*   fclose(ficresfb); */
+ /*   printf("End of Computing Back forecasting \n"); */
+ /*   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing Back forecasting\n"); */
+ /* } */
  /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
- populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
+ void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
    int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
    int *popage;
    double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
    double *popeffectif,*popcount;
    double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
-   double ***mobaverage;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
    char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
    tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
- Line 3732  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 6952  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
    prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
-   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");
+   strcpy(filerespop,"POP_");
-   strcat(filerespop,fileres);
+   strcat(filerespop,fileresu);
    if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
      printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
- Line 3741  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 6961  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
    printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
-   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
+   if (nqveff==0) ncodemax[nqveff]=1;
-   if (mobilav!=0) {
+   /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
-     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+   /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
-     if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
+   /*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
-       fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+   /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
-       printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+   /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
-     }
+   /*   } */
-   }
+   /* } */
    stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
    if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
- Line 3758  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 6978  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
    hstepm=1;
    hstepm=hstepm/stepm;
    if (popforecast==1) {
      if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
- Line 3770  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 6990  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
      i=1;
      while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      imx=i;
      for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
    }
    for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
-    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
+     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[nqveff];cptcod++){
        k=k+1;
        fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
-       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
-         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
+         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
        }
        fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
        fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
- Line 3790  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 7010  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
        for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {
          fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);
          for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){
            nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
            nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
            oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
            hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
- Line 3813  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 7033  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
                }
                if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                  tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
-                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
+                 /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
-                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
+                   if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                }
              }
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                kk1=0.;
-                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
+               for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
-                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];
+                 kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];
-                 }
+               }
-                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
+               tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
              }
-             if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+             if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt))
-               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
+               for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
+                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
            }
            free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          }
        }
-   /******/
+       /******/
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {
          fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);
          for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){
- Line 3858  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 7079  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
            free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          }
        }
-    }
+     }
    }
-   if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+   /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
    if (popforecast==1) {
      free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
      free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
- Line 3872  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
+ Line 7093  populforecast(char fileres[], double anp
    free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
    fclose(ficrespop);
  } /* End of popforecast */
  int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
  {
    if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
- Line 3891  void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate
+ Line 7112  void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate
    /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
-   char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
+   char ca[32], cb[32];
-   int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
+   int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
    int numlinepar;
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
- Line 4013  double gompertz(double x[])
+ Line 7234  double gompertz(double x[])
    double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
    int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
-   for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
+   for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++) {
      sump=sump+weight[i];
      /*    sump=sump+1;*/
      num=num+1;
- Line 4044  double gompertz(double x[])
+ Line 7265  double gompertz(double x[])
    return -2*L*num/sump;
  }
+ #ifdef GSL
+ /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
+ double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
+ {
+   double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
+   double *x= (double *) v->data;
+   int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
+   for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
+     sump=sump+weight[i];
+     /*    sump=sump+1;*/
+     num=num+1;
+   }
+   /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++)
+      if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
+   printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
+   for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
+     {
+       if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
+         A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
+       if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
+         A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
+              +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);
+       /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
+       if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
+         LL=LL+A*weight[i];
+         /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
+       }
+     }
+  /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
+   printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
+   return -2*LL*num/sump;
+ }
+ #endif
  /******************* Printing html file ***********/
- void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
+ void printinghtmlmort(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                    int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                    int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
    int i,k;
- Line 4054  void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], ch
+ Line 7316  void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], ch
    fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
    for (i=1;i<=2;i++)
      fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
-   fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
+   fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.svg\">");
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
  fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
- Line 4069  fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</
+ Line 7331  fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</
  }
  /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
- void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
+ void printinggnuplotmort(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
    char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
-   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
    int ng;
- Line 4081  void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[],
+ Line 7343  void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[],
      /*#endif */
    strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
    strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
-   fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n ");
+   fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.svg\"\n ");
    fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n ");
-   fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n");
+   fprintf(ficgp, "set ter svg size 640, 480\n set log y\n");
-   fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
+   /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
    fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
+ }
+ int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
+ {
+   /*-------- data file ----------*/
+   FILE *fic;
+   char dummy[]="                         ";
+   int i=0, j=0, n=0, iv=0;
+   int lstra;
+   int linei, month, year,iout;
+   char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
+   char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
+   char *stratrunc;
+   if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
+     printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(ficlog);return 1;
+   }
+   i=1;
+   linei=0;
+   while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
+     linei=linei+1;
+     for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
+       if(line[j] == '\t')
+         line[j] = ' ';
+     }
+     for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
+       ;
+     };
+     line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
+     if(line[0]=='#'){
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
+       printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
+       continue;
+     }
+     trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
+     strcpy(line, linetmp);
+     /* Loops on waves */
+     for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
+       for (iv=nqtv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying quantitative variables */
+                                 cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+                                 if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+                                         lval=-1;
+                                 }else{
+                                         errno=0;
+                                         /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
+                                         dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
+                                         /* if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){ */
+                                         /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
+                                         /*    dval=dlval; */
+                                         /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
+                                         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+                                                 printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+                                                 return 1;
+                                         }
+                                         cotqvar[j][iv][i]=dval;
+                                 }
+                                 strcpy(line,stra);
+       }/* end loop ntqv */
+       for (iv=ntv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying dummies */
+                                 cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+                                 if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+                                         lval=-1;
+                                 }else{
+                                         errno=0;
+                                         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
+                                         /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
+                                         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+                                                 printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th dummy covariate out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv, j,maxwav);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d dummy covariate out of %d measured wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+                                                 return 1;
+                                         }
+                                 }
+                                 if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
+                                         printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
+  Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
+  for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                                                                 \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                                                                                                 \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                                                                                                                                                            \
+  and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                                                                                                                \
+  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
+  Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
+  for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                                                                 \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                                                                                                 \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                                                                                                                                                            \
+  and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
+  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
+                                         return 1;
+                                 }
+                                 cotvar[j][iv][i]=(double)(lval);
+                                 strcpy(line,stra);
+       }/* end loop ntv */
+       /* Statuses  at wave */
+       cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+                                 lval=-1;
+       }else{
+                                 errno=0;
+                                 lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
+                                 /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
+                                 if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+                                         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+                                         return 1;
+                                 }
+       }
+       s[j][i]=lval;
+       /* Date of Interview */
+       strcpy(line,stra);
+       cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
+       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
+       }
+       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
+                                 month=99;
+                                 year=9999;
+       }else{
+                                 printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
+                                 return 1;
+       }
+       anint[j][i]= (double) year;
+       mint[j][i]= (double)month;
+       strcpy(line,stra);
+     } /* End loop on waves */
+     /* Date of death */
+     cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
+     if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
+     }
+     else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
+       month=99;
+       year=9999;
+     }else{
+       printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
+                         return 1;
+     }
+     andc[i]=(double) year;
+     moisdc[i]=(double) month;
+     strcpy(line,stra);
+     /* Date of birth */
+     cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
+     if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
+     }
+     else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
+       month=99;
+       year=9999;
+     }else{
+       printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
+                         return 1;
+     }
+     if (year==9999) {
+       printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
+                         return 1;
+     }
+     annais[i]=(double)(year);
+     moisnais[i]=(double)(month);
+     strcpy(line,stra);
+     /* Sample weight */
+     cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
+     errno=0;
+     dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
+     if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+       printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
+       fflush(ficlog);
+       return 1;
+     }
+     weight[i]=dval;
+     strcpy(line,stra);
+     for (iv=nqv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on fixed quantitative variables */
+       cutv(stra, strb, line, ' ');
+       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
+                                 lval=-1;
+       }else{
+                                 errno=0;
+                                 /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
+                                 dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
+                                 /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
+                                 /*   dval=dlval; */
+                                 /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
+                                 if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+                                         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
+                                         return 1;
+                                 }
+                                 coqvar[iv][i]=dval;
+       }
+       strcpy(line,stra);
+     }/* end loop nqv */
+     /* Covariate values */
+     for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
+       cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
+       if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing covariate value */
+                                 lval=-1;
+       }else{
+                                 errno=0;
+                                 lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
+                                 if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
+                                         printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
+                                         return 1;
+                                 }
+       }
+       if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
+                                 printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
+  Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
+  for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
+  and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
+  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
+  Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
+  for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
+  For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
+  build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
+         V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
+  and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
+  output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
+  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
+                                 return 1;
+       }
+       covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
+       strcpy(line,stra);
+     }
+     lstra=strlen(stra);
+     if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
+       stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
+       num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
+     }
+     else
+       num[i]=atol(stra);
+     /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
+       printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
+     i=i+1;
+   } /* End loop reading  data */
+   *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
+   fclose(fic);
+   return (0);
+   /* endread: */
+         printf("Exiting readdata: ");
+         fclose(fic);
+         return (1);
+ }
+ void removespace(char *str) {
+   char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
+   do
+     while (*p2 == ' ')
+       p2++;
+   while (*p1++ == *p2++);
+ }
+ int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
+  /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
+         * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
+         * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
+         * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
+         * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
+         * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
+         * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
+         * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
+         *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables.
+         * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
+         * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
+         *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
+         * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
+         */
+ {
+   int i, j, k, ks;
+   int  j1, k1, k2;
+   char modelsav[80];
+   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
+   char *strpt;
+   /*removespace(model);*/
+   if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
+     j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
+     if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
+       printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
+       return 1;
+     }
+     if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
+       printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
+       return 1;
+     }
+     strcpy(modelsav,model);
+     if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
+       printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
+       if(strpt != model){
+                                 printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
+  'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
+  corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
+  'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
+  corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
+                                 return 1;
+                         }
+       nagesqr=1;
+       if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
+                                 substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
+       else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
+                                 substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
+       else
+                                 substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
+     }else
+       nagesqr=0;
+     if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
+       j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
+       j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
+       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =5-3=2  */
+       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
+                                                                                  * cst, age and age*age
+                                                                                  * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 3+1=4*/
+                         /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
+                          * but the covariates which are products must be treated
+                          * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
+       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
+       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
+       /*   Design
+        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
+        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
+        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
+        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
+        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
+        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
+        *       covar[1][i]= (V1), covar[4][i]=(V4), covar[8][i]=(V8)
+        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[2]=1 Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
+        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and
+        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
+        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
+        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
+        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
+        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
+        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
+        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
+        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
+        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
+        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
+        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
+        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
+        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
+        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
+        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
+        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8
+        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
+        *How to reorganize?
+        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
+        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
+        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
+        * Struct []
+        */
+       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
+       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
+       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
+       /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
+       /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
+       /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
+       /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
+       /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
+       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
+       /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
+       /*        } */
+       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
+       /*
+        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
+       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
+         Tvar[k]=0;
+       cptcovage=0;
+       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
+                                 cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+'
+                                                                                                                                                                  modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */
+                                 if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
+                                 /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
+                                 /*scanf("%d",i);*/
+                                 if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
+                                         cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
+                                         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
+                                                 /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
+                                                 cptcovprod--;
+                                                 cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
+                                                 Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
+                                                 cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
+                                                 Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
+                                                 /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
+                                         } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
+                                                 cptcovprod--;
+                                                 cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
+                                                 Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
+                                                 cptcovage++;
+                                                 Tage[cptcovage]=k;
+                                         } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
+                                                 /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
+                                                 cptcovn++;
+                                                 cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
+                                                 cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
+                                                 Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
+                                                                                                                                          because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
+                                                                                                                                          ncovcol + k1
+                                                                                                                                          If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
+                                                                                                                                          Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
+                                                 cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
+                                                 Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
+                                                 Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
+                                                 Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
+                                                 k2=k2+2;
+                                                 Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
+                                                 Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
+                                                 for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
+                                                         /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
+                                                                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
+                                                         covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
+                                                 }
+                                         } /* End age is not in the model */
+                                 } /* End if model includes a product */
+                                 else { /* no more sum */
+                                         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
+                                         /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
+                                         cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
+                                         ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
+                                         cptcovn++;
+                                         Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
+                                 }
+                                 strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */
+                                 /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
+                                         scanf("%d",i);*/
+       } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
+     } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
+   } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
+   /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
+     If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
+   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
+                  printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
+                  fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
+                  scanf("%d ",i);*/
+ /* Dispatching in quantitative and time varying covariates */
+         for(k=1, ncoveff=0, nqveff=0, ntveff=0, nqtveff=0;k<=cptcovn; k++){ /* or cptocvt */
+                 if (Tvar[k] <=ncovcol){
+                         ncoveff++;
+                 }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv){
+                         nqveff++;
+                 }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
+                         ntveff++;
+                 }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
+                         nqtveff++;
+                 }else
+                         printf("Error in effective covariates \n");
+         }
+   return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */
+   /*endread:*/
+         printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
+         return (1);
+ }
+ int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
+ {
+   int i, m;
+   int firstone=0;
+   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
+     for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
+       if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
+         anint[m][i]=9999;
+         if (s[m][i] != -2) /* Keeping initial status of unknown vital status */
+           s[m][i]=-1;
+       }
+       if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
+         *nberr = *nberr + 1;
+         if(firstone == 0){
+           firstone=1;
+         printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\nOther similar cases in log file\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
+         }
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
+         s[m][i]=-1;
+       }
+       if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
+         (*nberr)++;
+         printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]);
+         s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
+       }
+     }
+   }
+   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
+     agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
+     for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
+       if(s[m][i] >0  || s[m][i]==-1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* What if s[m][i]=-1 */
+         if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
+           if(agedc[i]>0){
+             if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
+               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
+               /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
+             }else {
+               if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
+                 nbwarn++;
+                 printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
+                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
+                 agev[m][i]=-1;
+               }
+             }
+           } /* agedc > 0 */
+         } /* end if */
+         else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
+                                  years but with the precision of a month */
+           agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
+           if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
+             agev[m][i]=1;
+           else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){
+             *agemin=agev[m][i];
+             printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
+           }
+           else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
+             *agemax=agev[m][i];
+             /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
+           }
+           /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
+           /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
+         } /* en if 9*/
+         else { /* =9 */
+           /* printf("Debug num[%d]=%ld s[%d][%d]=%d\n",i,num[i], m,i, s[m][i]); */
+           agev[m][i]=1;
+           s[m][i]=-1;
+         }
+       }
+       else if(s[m][i]==0) /*= 0 Unknown */
+         agev[m][i]=1;
+       else{
+         printf("Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]);
+         fprintf(ficlog, "Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]);
+         agev[m][i]=0;
+       }
+     } /* End for lastpass */
+   }
+   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
+     for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
+       if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
+         (*nberr)++;
+         printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);
+         return 1;
+       }
+     }
+   }
+   /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
+   for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
+      printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
+ }
+ }*/
+   printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
+   return (0);
+  /* endread:*/
+     printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
+     return (1);
+ }
+ #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+ /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
+ /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
+ //#include "stdafx.h"
+ //#include <stdio.h>
+ //#include <tchar.h>
+ //#include <windows.h>
+ //#include <iostream>
+ typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
+ LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
+ BOOL IsWow64()
+ {
+         BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
+         //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
+         //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
+         //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
+         HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
+         const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
+         fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
+                 GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
+         if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
+         {
+                 if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
+                         &bIsWow64))
+                         //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
+                         printf("Unknown error\n");
+         }
+         return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
+ }
+ #endif
+ void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
+  {
+    /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
+    /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
+    /* /GS /W3 /Gy
+       /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
+       "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
+       "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
+       /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
+    */
+    /* 64 bits */
+    /*
+      /GS /W3 /Gy
+      /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
+      /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
+      /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
+      "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
+    /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
+    /*
+      /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32"
+      /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo
+      /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel
+      /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch"
+    */
+    /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
+\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
+       /PDB:"visual studio
+\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
+       "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
+       "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
+       "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
+       /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
+       /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
+       uiAccess='false'"
+       /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
+       /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
+    */
+ #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
+ #if defined(__GNUC__)
+         struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
+ #endif
+ #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+ #ifndef  __APPLE__
+ #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
+ #endif
+    struct utsname sysInfo;
+    int cross = CROSS;
+    if (cross){
+            printf("Cross-");
+            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
+    }
+ #endif
+ #include <stdint.h>
+    printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
+ #if defined(__clang__)
+    printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+    printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+    printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
+    printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
+    printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__PGI)
+    printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
+    printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
+ #endif
+    printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
+ // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
+ #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
+     // Windows (x64 and x86)
+    printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
+ #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
+     // Unix
+    printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
+ #elif __linux__
+     // linux
+    printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
+ #elif __APPLE__
+     // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
+    printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
+ #endif
+ /*  __MINGW32__   */
+ /*  __CYGWIN__   */
+ /* __MINGW64__  */
+ // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
+ /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
+ /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
+ /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
+ /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
+ /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
+ #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
+    printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
+ #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
+    printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
+ #else
+    printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
+ #endif
+ #if defined(__GNUC__)
+ # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+ #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
+                             + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
+                             + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+ # else
+ #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
+                             + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
+ # endif
+    printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
+    if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
+    if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
+      printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
+          if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
+    }
+    else
+       perror("uname() error");
+    //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER
+ #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+    printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
+    if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
+ #endif
+ #endif
+    //   void main()
+    //   {
+ #if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    if (IsWow64()){
+            printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
+            if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
+    }
+    else{
+            printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
+            if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
+    }
+    //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
+    //      getchar();
+    //   }
+ #endif
+ }
+ int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp){
+   /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
+   int i, j, k, i1 ;
+   /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
+   double age, agebase, agelim;
+   double tot;
+   strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
+   strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
+   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
+   }
+   printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
+   pstamp(ficrespl);
+   fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
+   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
+   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
+   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
+   /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
+   agebase=ageminpar;
+   agelim=agemaxpar;
+   i1=pow(2,ncoveff);
+   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
+   for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
+   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
+     //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
+     /* k=k+1; */
+     /* to clean */
+     //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
+     printf("#******");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
+     printf("******\n");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
+                 if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
+                                                 printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficrespl,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 continue;
+                 }
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
+     fprintf(ficrespl,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
+     for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
+       /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
+       prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+       fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
+                                                         fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       tot=0.;
+       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+                                                         tot +=  prlim[i][i];
+                                                         fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficrespl," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
+     } /* Age */
+     /* was end of cptcod */
+   } /* cptcov */
+   return 0;
+ }
+ int back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj){
+         /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
+         /* Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination      of covariate values
+    * at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar
+          */
+   int i, j, k, i1 ;
+   /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
+   double age, agebase, agelim;
+   double tot;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
+   /* double      **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /\* for use *\/ */
+   strcpy(fileresplb,"PLB_");
+   strcat(fileresplb,fileresu);
+   if((ficresplb=fopen(fileresplb,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
+   }
+   printf("Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
+   pstamp(ficresplb);
+   fprintf(ficresplb,"# Period (stable) back prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
+   fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
+   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"%d-%d ",i,i);
+   fprintf(ficresplb,"\n");
+   /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
+   agebase=ageminpar;
+   agelim=agemaxpar;
+   i1=pow(2,nqveff);
+   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
+         for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
+   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
+     //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
+     /* k=k+1; */
+     /* to clean */
+     //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"#******");
+     printf("#******");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficresplb," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"******\n");
+     printf("******\n");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
+                 if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
+                                                 printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficresplb,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+                                                 continue;
+                 }
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
+       fprintf(ficresplb,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     }
+     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
+     fprintf(ficresplb,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
+     for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
+       /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
+       if(mobilavproj > 0){
+         /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ageminpar, agemaxpar, oldm, savm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
+         /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
+                                 bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+       }else if (mobilavproj == 0){
+                                 printf("There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
+                                 exit(1);
+       }else{
+                                 /* bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
+                                 bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficresplb,"%.0f ",age );
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
+                                 fprintf(ficresplb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       tot=0.;
+       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
+                                 tot +=  bprlim[i][i];
+                                 fprintf(ficresplb," %.5f", bprlim[i][i]);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficresplb," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
+     } /* Age */
+     /* was end of cptcod */
+   } /* cptcov */
+   /* hBijx(p, bage, fage); */
+   /* fclose(ficrespijb); */
+   return 0;
+ }
+ int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
+     /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
+   int stepsize;
+   int agelim;
+   int hstepm;
+   int nhstepm;
+   int h, i, i1, j, k;
+   double agedeb;
+   double ***p3mat;
- }
+     strcpy(filerespij,"PIJ_");  strcat(filerespij,fileresu);
+     if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
+       printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
+     }
+     printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
+     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
+     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
+     agelim=AGESUP;
+     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
+     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
+     /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
+     pstamp(ficrespij);
+     fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
+     i1= pow(2,nqveff);
+                 /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+                 /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
+                 /*      k=k+1;  */
+     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqveff); k++){
+       fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
+         fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
+       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
+         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
+         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
+         /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
+         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
+         fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
+         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+             fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
+         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
+         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+           /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
+           fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
+           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+               fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
+           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
+         }
+         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
+       }
+       /*}*/
+     }
+     return 0;
+ }
+  int hBijx(double *p, int bage, int fage, double ***prevacurrent){
+     /*------------- h Bij x at various ages ------------*/
+   int stepsize;
+   /* int agelim; */
+         int ageminl;
+   int hstepm;
+   int nhstepm;
+   int h, i, i1, j, k;
+   double agedeb;
+   double ***p3mat;
+   strcpy(filerespijb,"PIJB_");  strcat(filerespijb,fileresu);
+   if((ficrespijb=fopen(filerespijb,"w"))==NULL) {
+     printf("Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
+   }
+   printf("Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
+   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
+   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
+   /* agelim=AGESUP; */
+   ageminl=30;
+   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
+   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
+   /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
+   pstamp(ficrespijb);
+   fprintf(ficrespijb,"#****** h Pij x Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x ");
+   i1= pow(2,nqveff);
+   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
+   /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
+   /*    k=k+1;  */
+   for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqveff); k++){
+     fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#****** ");
+     for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+     fprintf(ficrespijb,"******\n");
+     if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k);
+       continue;
+     }
+     /* for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /\* If stepm=6 months *\/ */
+     for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){ /* If stepm=6 months and estepm=24 (2 years) */
+       /* nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /\* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 *\/ */
+       nhstepm=(int) rint((agedeb-ageminl)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
+       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10, because estepm=24 stepm=6 => hstepm=24/6=4 */
+       /*          nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
+       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+       /* oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
+       /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
+       hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm, k);
+       /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k); */
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"# Cov Agex agex-h hpijx with i,j=");
+       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+           fprintf(ficrespijb," %1d-%1d",i,j);
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
+       for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
+         /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
+         fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb - h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
+         /* fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ); */
+         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
+             fprintf(ficrespijb," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
+         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
+       }
+       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
+       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
+     }
+     /*}*/
+   }
+   return 0;
+  } /*  hBijx */
  /***********************************************/
- Line 4100  void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[],
+ Line 8491  void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[],
  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
+ #ifdef GSL
+   const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
+   size_t iteri = 0, it;
+   int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
+   int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
+   double ssval;
+ #endif
    int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
-   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
+   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
-   int linei, month, year,iout;
+   int ncvyear=0; /* Number of years needed for the period prevalence to converge */
-   int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
+   int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
    int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
+   int num_filled;
    int itimes;
    int NDIM=2;
+   int vpopbased=0;
-   char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
+   char ca[32], cb[32];
    /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
    /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
    struct stat info;
-   double agedeb, agefin,hf;
+   double agedeb=0.;
-   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
-   double fret;
+   double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
-   double **xi,tmp,delta;
+   double ageminout=-AGEOVERFLOW,agemaxout=AGEOVERFLOW; /* Smaller Age range redefined after movingaverage */
-   double dum; /* Dummy variable */
+   double fret;
+   double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
    double ***p3mat;
-   double ***mobaverage;
+   /* double ***mobaverage; */
-   int *indx;
-   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
+   char line[MAXLINE];
-   char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
+   char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
+   char model[MAXLINE], modeltemp[MAXLINE];
    char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE];
+   char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
    int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
-   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
+   int c,  h , cpt, c2;
-   int c,  h , cpt,l;
+   int jl=0;
-   int ju,jl, mi;
+   int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
-   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
+   int count=0;
-   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab;
+   int *tab;
    int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
+   int backcast=0;
    int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
-   int hstepm, nhstepm;
+   int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
    int agemortsup;
    float  sumlpop=0.;
    double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
    double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
-   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
+   double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
    double ftolpl=FTOL;
    double **prlim;
-   double *severity;
+   double **bprlim;
    double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
    double  *p;
    double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
+   double **hess; /* Hessian matrix */
    double ***delti3; /* Scale */
    double *delti; /* Scale */
    double ***eij, ***vareij;
    double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
    double *epj, vepp;
-   double kk1, kk2;
    double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
+   double jback1=1,mback1=1,anback1=2000,jback2=1,mback2=1,anback2=2000;
    double **ximort;
-   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
+   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
    int *dcwave;
-   char z[1]="c", occ;
+   char z[1]="c";
+   /*char  *strt;*/
+   char strtend[80];
-   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
-   char strstart[80], *strt, strtend[80];
-   char *stratrunc;
-   int lstra;
-   long total_usecs;
  /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
  /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
  /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
- Line 4173  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8578  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
  /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
    /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
-   (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
+   rstart_time = time(NULL);
+   /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
+   start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
    curr_time=start_time;
-   tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
+   /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
-   tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
+   /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
-   strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
+   strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
  /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
- /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
+ /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
- /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
+ /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
  /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
  /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
  /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
- /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
+ /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
  /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
  /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
  /*  (void) time (&time_value);
- Line 4197  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8604  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
    nbwarn=0;
+ #ifdef WIN32
+   _getcwd(pathcd, size);
+ #else
    getcwd(pathcd, size);
+ #endif
-   printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
+   syscompilerinfo(0);
+   printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
    if(argc <=1){
      printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
-     scanf("%s",pathtot);
+     if(!fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin)){
+       printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
+       goto end;
+     }
+     i=strlen(pathr);
+     if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
+       pathr[i-1]='\0';
+     i=strlen(pathr);
+     if(i >= 1 && pathr[i-1]==' ') {/* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
+       pathr[i-1]='\0';
+     }
+     i=strlen(pathr);
+     if( i==0 ){
+       printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
+       goto end;
+     }
+     for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
+       printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
+       while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
+       printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
+       strcpy (pathtot, val);
+       if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
+     }
    }
    else{
      strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
- Line 4220  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8653  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
    split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
-   chdir(path);
+ #ifdef WIN32
+   _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
+   if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
+ #else
+   chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
+   if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
+ #endif
+   printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
    strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
    strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
    if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
-     printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
+     printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
      /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
      /* fclose(ficlog); */
  /*     exit(1); */
- Line 4235  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8675  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
-   /* Log file */
+   /* Main Log file */
    strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
    strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
    if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
- Line 4243  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8683  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      goto end;
    }
    fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Version %s %s",version,fullversion);
    fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
    fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
   path=%s \n\
   optionfile=%s\n\
   optionfilext=%s\n\
-  optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
+  optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
+   syscompilerinfo(1);
    printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
    fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
    fflush(ficlog);
  /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
- /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
+ /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
    /* */
    strcpy(fileres,"r");
    strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
+   strcat(fileresu, optionfilefiname); /* Without r in front */
    strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
+   strcat(fileresu,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
-   /*---------arguments file --------*/
+   /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
    if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
-     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
+     printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
      fflush(ficlog);
-     goto end;
+     /* goto end; */
+     exit(70);
    }
    strcpy(filereso,"o");
-   strcat(filereso,fileres);
+   strcat(filereso,fileresu);
    if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
      printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
- Line 4284  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8729  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
    numlinepar=0;
-   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
-     ungetc(c,ficpar);
+     /* First parameter line */
-     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
+   while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
+     /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
+     if (line[0] == '#') {
+       numlinepar++;
+       fputs(line,stdout);
+       fputs(line,ficparo);
+       fputs(line,ficlog);
+       continue;
+     }else
+       break;
+   }
+   if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", \
+                         title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass)) !=EOF){
+     if (num_filled != 5) {
+       printf("Should be 5 parameters\n");
+     }
      numlinepar++;
-     puts(line);
+     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
-     fputs(line,ficparo);
-     fputs(line,ficlog);
    }
-   ungetc(c,ficpar);
+   /* Second parameter line */
+   while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
-   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
+     /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
-   numlinepar++;
+     if (line[0] == '#') {
-   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
+       numlinepar++;
-   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
+       fputs(line,ficparo);
+       fputs(line,ficlog);
+       continue;
+     }else
+       break;
+   }
+   if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
+                         &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nqv, &ntv, &nqtv, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
+     if (num_filled != 11) {
+       printf("Not 11 parameters, for example:ftol=1.e-8 stepm=12 ncovcol=2 nqv=1 ntv=2 nqtv=1  nlstate=2 ndeath=1 maxwav=3 mle=1 weight=1\n");
+       printf("but line=%s\n",line);
+     }
+     printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
+   }
+   /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
+   /*ftolpl=6.e-4; *//* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
+   /* Third parameter line */
+   while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
+     /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
+     if (line[0] == '#') {
+       numlinepar++;
+       fputs(line,stdout);
+       fputs(line,ficparo);
+       fputs(line,ficlog);
+       continue;
+     }else
+       break;
+   }
+   if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"model=1+age%[^.\n]", model)) !=EOF){
+     if (num_filled == 0)
+             model[0]='\0';
+     else if (num_filled != 1){
+       printf("ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
+       model[0]='\0';
+       goto end;
+     }
+     else{
+       if (model[0]=='+'){
+         for(i=1; i<=strlen(model);i++)
+           modeltemp[i-1]=model[i];
+         strcpy(model,modeltemp);
+       }
+     }
+     /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
+     printf("model=1+age+%s\n",model);fflush(stdout);
+   }
+   /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
+   /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
+   /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
+   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
    fflush(ficlog);
+   /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
+   if(model[0]=='#'){
+     printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
+  'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
+  'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
+     if(mle != -1){
+       printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
+       exit(1);
+     }
+   }
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
      ungetc(c,ficpar);
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
      numlinepar++;
-     puts(line);
+     if(line[1]=='q'){ /* This #q will quit imach (the answer is q) */
+       z[0]=line[1];
+     }
+     /* printf("****line [1] = %c \n",line[1]); */
+     fputs(line, stdout);
+     //puts(line);
      fputs(line,ficparo);
      fputs(line,ficlog);
    }
    ungetc(c,ficpar);
-   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
+   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
-   cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
+   coqvar=matrix(1,nqv,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
-   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
+   cotvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,ntv,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
+   cotqvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
-   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
+   cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
-   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
+   /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
-   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
+      v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
+   */
+   if (strlen(model)>1)
+     ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
+   else
+     ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
+   nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
+   npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
+   if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
+     printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
+     fflush(stdout);
+     fclose (ficlog);
+     goto end;
+   }
    delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
    delti=delti3[1][1];
    /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
    if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
      prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
-     printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
+     printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
-     fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
+     fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
      free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      fclose (ficparo);
      fclose (ficlog);
+     goto end;
      exit(0);
-   }
+   }  else if(mle==-5) { /* Main Wizard */
-   else if(mle==-3) {
      prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
-     printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
+     printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
-     fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
+     fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
      param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
-   }
+     hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
-   else{
+   }  else{ /* Begin of mle != -1 or -5 */
-     /* Read guess parameters */
+     /* Read guessed parameters */
      /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
        fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
        numlinepar++;
-       puts(line);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
        fputs(line,ficparo);
        fputs(line,ficlog);
      }
- Line 4353  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8890  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
-       j=0;
+                         j=0;
        for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
-         if(jj==i) continue;
+                                 if(jj==i) continue;
-         j++;
+                                 j++;
-         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
-         if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
+                                 if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
-           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
+                                         printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
-           exit(1);
+ It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
-         }
+ run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
-         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
+                                         exit(1);
-         if(mle==1)
+                                 }
-           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                 if(mle==1)
-         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
+                                         printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
-           fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
-           if(mle==1){
+                                 for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
-             printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                         if(mle==1){
-           }
+                                                 printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-           else
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                         }
-           fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
+                                         else
-         }
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
+                                         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
-         numlinepar++;
+                                 }
-         if(mle==1)
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
-           printf("\n");
+                                 numlinepar++;
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 if(mle==1)
-         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
+                                         printf("\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
        }
      }
      fflush(ficlog);
+     /* Reads scales values */
      p=param[1][1];
      /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
- Line 4393  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8933  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
        fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
        numlinepar++;
-       puts(line);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
        fputs(line,ficparo);
        fputs(line,ficlog);
      }
- Line 4401  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 8941  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
        for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
-         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
-         if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
+                                 if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
-           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
+                                         printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
-           exit(1);
+                                         exit(1);
-         }
+                                 }
-         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                 printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
-         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
-         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
+                                 for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
-           fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
-           printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
-           fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
-           fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
-         }
+                                 }
-         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
+                                 fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
-         numlinepar++;
+                                 numlinepar++;
-         printf("\n");
+                                 printf("\n");
-         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        }
      }
      fflush(ficlog);
+     /* Reads covariance matrix */
      delti=delti3[1][1];
      /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
      /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
        fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
        numlinepar++;
-       puts(line);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
        fputs(line,ficparo);
        fputs(line,ficlog);
      }
      ungetc(c,ficpar);
      matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
+     hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
+     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
+       for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
+     /* Scans npar lines */
      for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
-       fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
+       count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%1d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
-       if(mle==1)
+       if(count != 3){
-         printf("%s",str);
+                                 printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
-       fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
+ This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
-       fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
+ Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
+ This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
+ Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
+                                 exit(1);
+       }else{
+                                 if(mle==1)
+                                         printf("%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
+                         }
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
+       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
        for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
-         fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
+                                 fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
-         if(mle==1){
+                                 if(mle==1){
-           printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
+                                         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
-         }
+                                 }
-         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
-         fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
        }
        fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
        numlinepar++;
        if(mle==1)
-         printf("\n");
+                                 printf("\n");
        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
      }
+     /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
      for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
        for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
-         matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
+                                 matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
      if(mle==1)
        printf("\n");
- Line 4478  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 9035  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
      if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
-       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
+       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
      }
      fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
    }    /* End of mle != -3 */
-   /*-------- data file ----------*/
+   /*  Main data
-   if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
+    */
-     printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
-   }
    n= lastobs;
-   severity = vector(1,maxwav);
-   outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
    num=lvector(1,n);
    moisnais=vector(1,n);
    annais=vector(1,n);
    moisdc=vector(1,n);
    andc=vector(1,n);
+   weight=vector(1,n);
    agedc=vector(1,n);
    cod=ivector(1,n);
-   weight=vector(1,n);
+   for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
-   for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
+                 num[i]=0;
+                 moisnais[i]=0;
+                 annais[i]=0;
+                 moisdc[i]=0;
+                 andc[i]=0;
+                 agedc[i]=0;
+                 cod[i]=0;
+                 weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
+         }
    mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
    anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
-   s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
+   s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */
    tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
-   ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
+   ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
+   ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
-   i=1;
-   linei=0;
-   while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)))    {
-     linei=linei+1;
-     for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
-         if(line[j] == '\t')
-           line[j] = ' ';
-       }
-       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
-         ;
-       };
-       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
-       if(line[0]=='#'){
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
-         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
-         continue;
-       }
-       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
-         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-         errno=0;
-         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
-         /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
-         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
-           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %d %s for individual %d\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei,j,maxwav);
-           exit(1);
-         }
-         s[j][i]=lval;
-         strcpy(line,stra);
-         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
-         }
-         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
-           month=99;
-           year=9999;
-         }else{
-           printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
-           exit(1);
-         }
-         anint[j][i]= (double) year;
-         mint[j][i]= (double)month;
-         strcpy(line,stra);
-       } /* ENd Waves */
-       cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
-       }
-       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
-         month=99;
-         year=9999;
-       }else{
-         printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
-         exit(1);
-       }
-       andc[i]=(double) year;
-       moisdc[i]=(double) month;
-       strcpy(line,stra);
-       cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
-       }
-       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
-         month=99;
-         year=9999;
-       }else{
-         printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
-         exit(1);
-       }
-       annais[i]=(double)(year);
-       moisnais[i]=(double)(month);
-       strcpy(line,stra);
-       cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-       errno=0;
-       lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
-       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
-         printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
-         exit(1);
-       }
-       weight[i]=(double)(lval);
-       strcpy(line,stra);
-       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
-         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
-         errno=0;
-         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10);
-         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
-           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1).  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
-           exit(1);
-         }
-         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
-           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a value of the %d covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1. IMaCh does not build design variables, do it your self).  Exiting.\n",lval,i,line,linei,j);
-           exit(1);
-         }
-         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
-         strcpy(line,stra);
-       }
-       lstra=strlen(stra);
-       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
-         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
-         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
-       }
-       else
-         num[i]=atol(stra);
-       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
-         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
-       i=i+1;
+   /* Reads data from file datafile */
-   } /* End loop reading  data */
+   if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
-   /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
+     goto end;
-      scanf("%d",i);*/
-   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
-   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
-     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
-     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
-     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
-     }*/
-    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
-      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;
-      printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
-   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) */
-    /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
-      else weight[i]=1;*/
    /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
-   Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
+     /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4
-   Tprod=ivector(1,15);
+         k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
-   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);
+         k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
-   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
+         k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
-   Tage=ivector(1,15);
+         k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
+     */
-   if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
+   Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
-     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
+   /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs).
-     j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
+       For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4,
-     j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
+       Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
-     cptcovn=j+1;
+   */
-     cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
+   /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
+     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
-     strcpy(modelsav,model);
+     ncovcol + k1
-     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
+     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
-       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
+     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
+   Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
-       goto end;
+   /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
-     }
+      if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
+   */
-     /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
+   Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
+   Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
-     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
+                             * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd.
-       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */
+                             * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
-       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
+   Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
-       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
+covariates (3 plus signs)
-       /*scanf("%d",i);*/
+                          Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
-       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
+                       */
-         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
-         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
-           cptcovprod--;
-           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
-           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
-           cptcovage++;
-             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
-             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
-         }
-         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
-           cptcovprod--;
-           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
-           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
-           cptcovage++;
-           Tage[cptcovage]=i;
-         }
-         else {  /* Age is not in the model */
-           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
-           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
-           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
-           Tprod[k1]=i;
-           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
-           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
-           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
-           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
-           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)
-             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
-           k1++;
-           k2=k2+2;
-         }
-       }
-       else { /* no more sum */
-         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
-        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
-       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
-       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
-       }
-       strcpy(modelsav,stra);
-       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
-         scanf("%d",i);*/
-     } /* end of loop + */
-   } /* end model */
-   /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
-     If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
-   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
-   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
-   scanf("%d ",i);
-   fclose(fic);*/
-     /*  if(mle==1){*/
+ /* Main decodemodel */
-   if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
-     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
-   }
-     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
-   agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
-   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
-     for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
-       if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
-         anint[m][i]=9999;
-         s[m][i]=-1;
-       }
-       if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
-         nberr++;
-         printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
-         s[m][i]=-1;
-       }
-       if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
-         nberr++;
-         printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]);
-         s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
-       }
-     }
-   }
-   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
+   if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1) /* In order to get Tvar[k] V4+V3+V5 p Tvar[1]@3  = {4, 3, 5}*/
-     agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
+     goto end;
-     for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
-       if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
+   if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
-         if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
+     nbwarn++;
-           if(agedc[i]>0)
+     printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx);
-             if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx);
-               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
-           /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
-             else {
-               if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
-                 nbwarn++;
-                 printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
-                 fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
-                 agev[m][i]=-1;
-               }
-             }
-         }
-         else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
-                                  years but with the precision of a month */
-           agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
-           if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
-             agev[m][i]=1;
-           else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){
-             agemin=agev[m][i];
-             /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
-           }
-           else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
-             agemax=agev[m][i];
-             /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
-           }
-           /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
-           /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
-         }
-         else { /* =9 */
-           agev[m][i]=1;
-           s[m][i]=-1;
-         }
-       }
-       else /*= 0 Unknown */
-         agev[m][i]=1;
-     }
    }
-   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
+     /*  if(mle==1){*/
-     for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
+   if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
-       if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
+     for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
-         nberr++;
-         printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);
-         fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);
-         goto end;
-       }
-     }
    }
-   /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
+     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
-   for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
+   agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
-      printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
- }
- }*/
+   if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
+     goto end;
-   printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
    agegomp=(int)agemin;
-   free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
-   free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
    free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
    free_vector(annais,1,n);
    /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
-   free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
+   /* free_vector(moisdc,1,n); */
-   free_vector(andc,1,n);
+   /* free_vector(andc,1,n); */
+   /* */
    wav=ivector(1,imx);
-   dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+   /* dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
-   bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+   /* bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
-   mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+   /* mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
+   dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); /* We are adding a wave if status is unknown at last wave but death occurs after last wave.*/
+   bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
+   mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
    /* Concatenates waves */
+   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
+      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
+      mw[mi][i] is the number of (mi=1 to wav[i]) effective wave out of mi of individual i
+      dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
+      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
+   */
    concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
+   /* */
+   free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
+   free_vector(andc,1,n);
    /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
-   Tcode=ivector(1,100);
    nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
    ncodemax[1]=1;
-   if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
+   Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);
+         cptcoveff=0;
-   codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of
+   if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ){ /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
-                                  the estimations*/
+     tricode(&cptcoveff,Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
+         }
+         ncovcombmax=pow(2,cptcoveff);
+         invalidvarcomb=ivector(1, ncovcombmax);
+         for(i=1;i<ncovcombmax;i++)
+                 invalidvarcomb[i]=0;
+   /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality (currently 1 to 2) of jth covariate, in
+      V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
+   /* 1 to ncodemax[j] which is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
+   /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
+   /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
+   /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
+   /* nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(h,j)]) : if there are only 2 modalities for a covariate j,
+    * codtabm(h,j) gives its value classified at position h and nbcode gives how it is coded
+    * (currently 0 or 1) in the data.
+    * In a loop on h=1 to 2**k, and a loop on j (=1 to k), we get the value of
+    * corresponding modality (h,j).
+    */
    h=0;
+   /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
-   for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
+           /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
-     for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
+            * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to m=2**k
-       for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
+            * codtabm(h,k)=  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1)) + 1;
-         for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
+            * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
-           h++;
+            *     h\k   1     2     3     4
-           if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
+            *______________________________
-           /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
+            *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
-         }
+            *     2     2     1     1     1
-       }
+            *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
-     }
+            *     4     2     2     1     1
-   }
+            *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
-   /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);
+            *     6     2     1     2     1
-      codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
+            *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
-   /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){
+            *     8     2     2     2     1
-      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
+            *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     2
-      printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
+            *    10     2     1     1     2
-      }
+            *    11 i=6 1     2     1     2
-      printf("\n");
+            *    12     2     2     1     2
-      }
+            *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     2
-      scanf("%d",i);*/
+            *    14     2     1     2     2
+            *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
+            *    16     2     2     2     2
+            */
+   /* How to do the opposite? From combination h (=1 to 2**k) how to get the value on the covariates? */
+      /* from h=5 and m, we get then number of covariates k=log(m)/log(2)=4
+      * and the value of each covariate?
+      * V1=1, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1 ?
+      * h-1=4 and 4 is 0100 or reverse 0010, and +1 is 1121 ok.
+      * h=6, 6-1=5, 5 is 0101, 1010, 2121, V1=2nd, V2=1st, V3=2nd, V4=1st.
+      * In order to get the real value in the data, we use nbcode
+      * nbcode[Tvar[3][2nd]]=1 and nbcode[Tvar[4][1]]=0
+      * We are keeping this crazy system in order to be able (in the future?)
+      * to have more than 2 values (0 or 1) for a covariate.
+      * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
+      * h=6, k=2? h-1=5=0101, reverse 1010, +1=2121, k=2nd position: value is 1: codtabm(6,2)=1
+      *              bbbbbbbb
+      *              76543210
+      *   h-1        00000101 (6-1=5)
+      *(h-1)>>(k-1)= 00000010 >> (2-1) = 1 right shift
+      *           &
+      *     1        00000001 (1)
+      *              00000000        = 1 & ((h-1) >> (k-1))
+      *          +1= 00000001 =1
+      *
+      * h=14, k=3 => h'=h-1=13, k'=k-1=2
+      *          h'      1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
+      *    >>k'            11
+      *          &   00000001
+      *            = 00000001
+      *      +1    = 00000010=2    =  codtabm(14,3)
+      * Reverse h=6 and m=16?
+      * cptcoveff=log(16)/log(2)=4 covariate: 6-1=5=0101 reversed=1010 +1=2121 =>V1=2, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1.
+      * for (j=1 to cptcoveff) Vj=decodtabm(j,h,cptcoveff)
+      * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1
+      * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)
+      * V3=decodtabm(14,3,2**4)=2
+      *          h'=13   1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
+      *(h-1) >> (j-1)    0011 =13 >> 2
+      *          &1 000000001
+      *           = 000000001
+      *         +1= 000000010 =2
+      *                  2211
+      *                  V1=1+1, V2=0+1, V3=1+1, V4=1+1
+      *                  V3=2
+                  * codtabm and decodtabm are identical
+      */
+  free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
-   /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
+   /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
    strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
    if(mle==-3)
-     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
+     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-MORT_");
    strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
    if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
      printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
    }
    else{
-     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version);
+     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# IMaCh-%s\n", version);
      fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);
-     fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
+     //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
+     fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
    }
    /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
-   /*--------- index.htm --------*/
+   /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
    strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
    if(mle==-3)
-     strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
+     strcat(optionfilehtm,"-MORT_");
    strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
    if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
-     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
+     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
+     exit(0);
    }
    strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
- Line 4895  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ Line 9296  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
      printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
    }
    else{
-   fprintf(fichtmcov,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
+   fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
  <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
- Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
-           fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
+           optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
    }
-   fprintf(fichtm,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
+   fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"7\"><a href=http:/euroreves.ined.fr/imach>IMaCh for Interpolated Markov Chain</a> </font><br>\n<font size=\"3\">Sponsored by Copyright (C)  2002-2015 <a href=http://www.ined.fr>INED</a>-EUROREVES-Institut de longévité-2013-2016-Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences 日本学術振興会 (<a href=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/>Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121</a>) - <a href=https://software.intel.com/en-us>Intel Software 2015-2018</a></font><br>  \
  <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
- Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
+ <font size=\"2\">IMaCh-%s <br> %s</font> \
+ <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
+ Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n\
  \n\
  <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
   <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
+  - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
   - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
   - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
   - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
   - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
-           fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
+           optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
+           optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
            fileres,fileres,\
            filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
    fflush(fichtm);
    strcpy(pathr,path);
    strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
+ #ifdef WIN32
+   _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
+ #else
    chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
+ #endif
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
+                  and for any valid combination of covariates
       and prints on file fileres'p'. */
-   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
+   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvaraff, invalidvarcomb, nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,    \
+                                                         firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model);
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
    fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
- Line 4930  Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.
+ Line 9342  Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.
  Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
            imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
    pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
+         oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
+         newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
+         savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
-     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
+         oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
    /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
       so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
    p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
    globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
+   /* For mortality only */
    if (mle==-3){
      ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
+                 for(i=1;i<=NDIM;i++)
+                         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
+                                 ximort[i][j]=0.;
+     /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
      cens=ivector(1,n);
      ageexmed=vector(1,n);
      agecens=vector(1,n);
      dcwave=ivector(1,n);
      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        dcwave[i]=-1;
        for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
-         if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
+                                 if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
-           dcwave[i]=m;
+                                         dcwave[i]=m;
-           /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
+                                         /*      printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
-           break;
+                                         break;
-         }
+                                 }
      }
      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
        if (wav[i]>0){
-         ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
+                                 ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
-         j=wav[i];
+                                 j=wav[i];
-         agecens[i]=1.;
+                                 agecens[i]=1.;
-         if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
+                                 if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
-           agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
+                                         agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
-           cens[i]= 1;
+                                         cens[i]= 1;
-         }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1)
+                                 }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1)
-           cens[i]= -1;
+                                         cens[i]= -1;
-         if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
+                                 if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
-           cens[i]=0 ;
+                                         cens[i]=0 ;
        }
        else cens[i]=-1;
      }
      for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
        for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
-         ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
+                                 ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      }
-     p[1]=0.1; p[NDIM]=0.1;
+     /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
      /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
+ #ifdef GSL
+     printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
+ #else
      printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
-     strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort");
+ #endif
-     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
+     strcpy(filerespow,"POW-MORT_");
+     strcat(filerespow,fileresu);
      if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
      }
+ #ifdef GSL
+     fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
+ #else
      fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
+ #endif
      /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
          if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
      */
      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
+ #ifdef GSL
+     /* gsl starts here */
+     T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
+     gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
+     gsl_vector *ss, *x;
+     gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
+     /* Initial vertex size vector */
+     ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
+     if (ss == NULL){
+       GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
+     }
+     /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
+     gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
+     /* Starting point */
+     x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
+     if (x == NULL){
+       gsl_vector_free(ss);
+       GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
+     }
+     /* Initialize method and iterate */
+     /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
+     /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
+     /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
+     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
+     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
+     minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
+     minex_func.n = NDIM;
+     minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
+     sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
+     gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
+     printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
+     printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
+     iteri=0;
+     while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
+       iteri++;
+       status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
+       if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
+       fflush(0);
+       if (status)
+         break;
+       rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
+       ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
+       if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
+         printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
+       printf("%5d ", iteri);
+       for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
+         printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
+       }
+       printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
+     }
-     powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
+     printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
+     gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
+     gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
+     for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
+       p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
+       fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
+     }
+     gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
+ #endif
+ #ifdef POWELL
+      powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
+ #endif
      fclose(ficrespow);
-     hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz);
+     hesscov(matcov, hess, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz);
      for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
        for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
-         matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
+                                 matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
      printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
+     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCovariance matrix\n ");
      for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
        for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){
-         printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
+                                 printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",matcov[i][j]);
        }
-       printf("\n ");
+       printf("\n ");  fprintf(ficlog,"\n ");
      }
      printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
-     for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++)
+     for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
        printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
+       fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
+     }
      lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
      lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
      tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
- Line 5050  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9553  Interval (in months) between two waves:
        printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
-     replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
+     replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
-     printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
+                 ageminpar=50;
+                 agemaxpar=100;
-     printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
+     if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
+         printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
+ This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
+ Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
+ This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
+ Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+     }else{
+                         printf("Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
+       printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
+                 }
+     printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                       stepm, weightopt,\
                       model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
      free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
      free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
      free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
-   } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
+     free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
+     free_ivector(cens,1,n);
-   else{ /* For mle >=1 */
+     free_vector(agecens,1,n);
+     free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
+ #ifdef GSL
+ #endif
+   } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
+   /* Standard  */
+   else{ /* For mle !=- 3, could be 0 or 1 or 4 etc. */
+     globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
+     /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
      likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
      printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
      for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
        printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
      printf("\n");
-     globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
+     if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximization */
+       /* mlikeli uses func not funcone */
+       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
+     }
+     if(mle==0) {/* No optimization, will print the likelihoods for the datafile */
+       globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
+       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
+       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
+     }
+     globpr=1; /* again, to print the individual contributions using computed gpimx and gsw */
      likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
      printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
      for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
        printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
      printf("\n");
-     if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
-       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
-     }
      /*--------- results files --------------*/
-     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
+     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
      fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
- Line 5088  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9616  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
        for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
-         if (k != i) {
+                                 if (k != i) {
-           printf("%d%d ",i,k);
+                                         printf("%d%d ",i,k);
-           fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
-           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
+                                         fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
-           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
+                                         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
-             printf("%f ",p[jk]);
+                                                 printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
-             fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
-             fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
-             jk++;
+                                                 jk++;
-           }
+                                         }
-           printf("\n");
+                                         printf("\n");
-           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
-           fprintf(ficres,"\n");
+                                         fprintf(ficres,"\n");
-         }
+                                 }
        }
      }
-     if(mle!=0){
+     if(mle != 0){
-       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
+       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix only at a peak of the Likelihood, that is after optimization */
        ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
-       hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
+       hesscov(matcov, hess, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
-     }
+       printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
+       fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
+       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
+                                 for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
+                                         if (k != i) {
+                                                 printf("%d%d ",i,k);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
+                                                 for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
+                                                         printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
+                                                         jk++;
+                                                 }
+                                                 printf("\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         }
+                                 }
+       }
+     } /* end of hesscov and Wald tests */
+     /*  */
      fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
      printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
        for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
-         if (j!=i) {
+                                 if (j!=i) {
-           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                         fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
-           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
-           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
-           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
+                                         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
-             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
+                                                 printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
-             fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
-             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
+                                                 fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
-             jk++;
+                                                 jk++;
-           }
+                                         }
-           printf("\n");
+                                         printf("\n");
-           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
-           fprintf(ficres,"\n");
+                                         fprintf(ficres,"\n");
-         }
+                                 }
        }
      }
      fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
-     if(mle>=1)
+     if(mle >= 1) /* To big for the screen */
        printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
      /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
- Line 5151  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9698  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
        jj=0;
        for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
-         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
+                                 for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
-           if(j==i) continue;
+                                         if(j==i) continue;
-           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
+                                         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
-             jj++;
+                                                 jj++;
-             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
+                                                 ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
-             if(itimes==1){
+                                                 if(itimes==1){
-               if(mle>=1)
+                                                         if(mle>=1)
-                 printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
+                                                                 printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
-               fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
-               fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
+                                                         fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
-             }else{
+                                                 }else{
-               if(mle>=1)
+                                                         if(mle>=1)
-                 printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
+                                                                 printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
-               fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
+                                                         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
-               fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
+                                                         fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
-             }
+                                                 }
-             ll=0;
+                                                 ll=0;
-             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
+                                                 for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
-               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
+                                                         for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
-                 if(lj==li) continue;
+                                                                 if(lj==li) continue;
-                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
+                                                                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
-                   ll++;
+                                                                         ll++;
-                   if(ll<=jj){
+                                                                         if(ll<=jj){
-                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
+                                                                                 cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
-                     if(ll<jj){
+                                                                                 if(ll<jj){
-                       if(itimes==1){
+                                                                                         if(itimes==1){
-                         if(mle>=1)
+                                                                                                 if(mle>=1)
-                           printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
+                                                                                                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
-                         fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
-                         fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
-                       }else{
+                                                                                         }else{
-                         if(mle>=1)
+                                                                                                 if(mle>=1)
-                           printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                                                                                                         printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                         fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                       }
+                                                                                         }
-                     }else{
+                                                                                 }else{
-                       if(itimes==1){
+                                                                                         if(itimes==1){
-                         if(mle>=1)
+                                                                                                 if(mle>=1)
-                           printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
+                                                                                                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
-                         fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
-                         fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
-                       }else{
+                                                                                         }else{
-                         if(mle>=1)
+                                                                                                 if(mle>=1)
-                           printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                                                                                                         printf(" %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                         fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficlog," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]);
+                                                                                                 fprintf(ficres," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]);
-                       }
+                                                                                         }
-                     }
+                                                                                 }
-                   }
+                                                                         }
-                 } /* end lk */
+                                                                 } /* end lk */
-               } /* end lj */
+                                                         } /* end lj */
-             } /* end li */
+                                                 } /* end li */
-             if(mle>=1)
+                                                 if(mle>=1)
-               printf("\n");
+                                                         printf("\n");
-             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
-             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
+                                                 fprintf(ficres,"\n");
-             numlinepar++;
+                                                 numlinepar++;
-           } /* end k*/
+                                         } /* end k*/
-         } /*end j */
+                                 } /*end j */
        } /* end i */
      } /* end itimes */
      fflush(ficlog);
      fflush(ficres);
+                 while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
-     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
+                         /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
-       ungetc(c,ficpar);
+                         if (line[0] == '#') {
-       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
+                                 numlinepar++;
-       puts(line);
+                                 fputs(line,stdout);
-       fputs(line,ficparo);
+                                 fputs(line,ficparo);
-     }
+                                 fputs(line,ficlog);
-     ungetc(c,ficpar);
+                                 continue;
+                         }else
+                                 break;
+                 }
+     /* while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){ */
+     /*   ungetc(c,ficpar); */
+     /*   fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar); */
+     /*   fputs(line,stdout); */
+     /*   fputs(line,ficparo); */
+     /* } */
+     /* ungetc(c,ficpar); */
      estepm=0;
-     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
+     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm, &ftolpl)) !=EOF){
+                         if (num_filled != 6) {
+                                 printf("Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
+                                 goto end;
+                         }
+                         printf("agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar, bage, fage, estepm, ftolpl);
+                 }
+                 /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
+                 /*ftolpl=6.e-4;*/ /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
+     /* fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm); */
      if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
      if (fage <= 2) {
        bage = ageminpar;
- Line 5234  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9804  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      }
      fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
-     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
+     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
-     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
+     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d, ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
+     /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
        fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
-       puts(line);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
        fputs(line,ficparo);
      }
      ungetc(c,ficpar);
- Line 5254  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9825  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
        fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
-       puts(line);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
        fputs(line,ficparo);
      }
      ungetc(c,ficpar);
- Line 5264  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9835  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
      fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
      fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
      fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
      while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
        ungetc(c,ficpar);
        fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
-       puts(line);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
        fputs(line,ficparo);
      }
      ungetc(c,ficpar);
- Line 5282  Interval (in months) between two waves:
+ Line 9854  Interval (in months) between two waves:
      fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
      /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
+     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
+       ungetc(c,ficpar);
+       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
+       fputs(line,stdout);
+       fputs(line,ficparo);
+     }
+     ungetc(c,ficpar);
+     fscanf(ficpar,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&backcast,&jback1,&mback1,&anback1,&jback2,&mback2,&anback2,&mobilavproj);
+     fprintf(ficparo,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
+     fprintf(ficres,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
+     /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
-     /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
-     /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
-     replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
+                 /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
-     printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
+     /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
-     printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
+     replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
-                  model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
+     if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
-                  jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
+                         printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
+ This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
-    /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
+ Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
-    /*  chdir(path); */
+                         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
+ This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
-     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
+ Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
-     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+     }else{
-     free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+       printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, prevfcast, backcast, pathc,p);
-     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
+     }
+     printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt, \
+                                                                  model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,prevfcast,backcast, estepm, \
+                                                                  jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,dateprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2,dateprev2);
+                 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
+                 /*  chdir(path); */
+     /* free_ivector(wav,1,imx); */  /* Moved after last prevalence call */
+     /* free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
+     /* free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
+     /* free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);    */
      free_lvector(num,1,n);
      free_vector(agedc,1,n);
      /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
      /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
      fclose(ficparo);
      fclose(ficres);
-     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (stable prevalence) --------------*/
+     /* Other results (useful)*/
-     strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
-     strcat(filerespl,fileres);
+     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
-     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
+     /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
-       printf("Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
-     }
-     printf("Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
-     fprintf(ficrespl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Stable prevalence \n");
-     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
-     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
-     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
      prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+     prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear);
-     agebase=ageminpar;
-     agelim=agemaxpar;
-     ftolpl=1.e-10;
-     i1=cptcoveff;
-     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
-     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
-         k=k+1;
-         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
-         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
-         printf("\n#******");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
-           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-         }
-         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
-         printf("******\n");
-         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
-         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
-           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
-           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
-           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-             fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
-           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
-         }
-       }
-     }
      fclose(ficrespl);
      /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
+     /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
-     strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
+     hPijx(p, bage, fage);
-     if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
+     fclose(ficrespij);
-       printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
-     }
-     printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
-     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
-     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
-     agelim=AGESUP;
-     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
-     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
-     /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
-     fprintf(ficrespij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-     fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
-     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
-         k=k+1;
-         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
-         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
-           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
-           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
-           /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
-           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
-           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
-           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
-               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
-           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
-           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
-             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
-             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
-                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
-             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
-           }
-           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
-           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
-         }
-       }
-     }
+     /* ncovcombmax=  pow(2,cptcoveff); */
+     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
+     k=1;
      varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
-     fclose(ficrespij);
+     /* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] */
+     probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
-     probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
      for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
-       for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
+       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* ndeath is useless but a necessity to be compared with mobaverages */
-         for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
+                                 for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
-           probs[i][j][k]=0.;
+                                         probs[i][j][k]=0.;
+     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
+     if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0 ) {
+       mobaverages= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
+                         for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
+                                 for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
+                                         for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
+                                                 mobaverages[i][j][k]=0.;
+       mobaverage=mobaverages;
+       if (mobilav!=0) {
+                                 if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilav)!=0){
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+                                         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
+                                 }
+       }
+       /* /\* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] *\/ */
+       /* prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
+       else if (mobilavproj !=0) {
+                                 if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilavproj)!=0){
+                                         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
+                                         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
+                                 }
+       }
+     }/* end if moving average */
      /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
      /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
      if(prevfcast==1){
        /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
-       prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
+       prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, nqveff);
-       /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
-       /*      }  */
-       /*      else{ */
-       /*        erreur=108; */
-       /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
-       /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
-       /*      } */
      }
+     if(backcast==1){
+       ddnewms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+       ddoldms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+       ddsavms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+       /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
+       bprlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
+       back_prevalence_limit(p, bprlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass, mobilavproj);
+       fclose(ficresplb);
+       hBijx(p, bage, fage, mobaverage);
+       fclose(ficrespijb);
+       free_matrix(bprlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
+       /* prevbackforecast(fileresu, anback1, mback1, jback1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj,
+          bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anback2, p, nqveff); */
+       free_matrix(ddnewms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
+       free_matrix(ddsavms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
+       free_matrix(ddoldms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
+     }
+     /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
+     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
+     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
+     free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
+     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
+     /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
+     strcpy(filerese,"E_");
+     strcat(filerese,fileresu);
+     if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
+       printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
+     }
+     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(ficlog);
+     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqveff); k++){
+       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
+                                 fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       }
+       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
+       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+       evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);
+       free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+     }
+     fclose(ficreseij);
+     printf("done evsij\n");fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"done evsij\n");fflush(ficlog);
      /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
-     strcpy(filerest,"t");
-     strcat(filerest,fileres);
+     strcpy(filerest,"T_");
+     strcat(filerest,fileresu);
      if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
      }
-     printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);
+     printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(ficlog);
-     strcpy(filerese,"e");
+     strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
-     strcat(filerese,fileres);
+     strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
-     if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
+     if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
-       printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
+       printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
-       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
+     }
+     printf("  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
+     strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
+     strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
+     if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
+       printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
+     printf("    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
-     strcpy(fileresv,"v");
+     strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
-     strcat(fileresv,fileres);
+     strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
      if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
+     printf("      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(stdout);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(ficlog);
-     /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
-     prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
-     /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
-         ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
-     */
-     if (mobilav!=0) {
-       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
-       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
-         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
-       }
-     }
-     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
-         k=k+1;
-         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
-         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
-         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
-           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
-         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
-         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-         evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
-         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-         varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav, strstart);
-         if(popbased==1){
-           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav, strstart);
-         }
-         fprintf(ficrest, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
-         fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
-         for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
-         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
-         epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
-         for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
-           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
-           if (popbased==1) {
-             if(mobilav ==0){
-               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-                 prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
-             }else{ /* mobilav */
-               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
-                 prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
-             }
-           }
-           fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
-           for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
-             for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
-               epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
-               /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
-             }
-             epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
-           }
-           for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
+     /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
+       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
-               vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
-           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
+     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqveff); k++){
-           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
+       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
-             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
-           }
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
-           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
+       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
-         }
-         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
-         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
-         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++) {
+                                 fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                                 fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
        }
-     }
+       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
+       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
+       for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
+                                 fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
+       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+       printf(" cvevsij %d, ",k);
+       fprintf(ficlog, " cvevsij %d, ",k);
+       cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
+       printf(" end cvevsij \n ");
+       fprintf(ficlog, " end cvevsij \n ");
+       /*
+        */
+       /* goto endfree; */
+       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+       pstamp(ficrest);
+       for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
+                                 oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
+                                 cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
+                                 printf("varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
+                                 fprintf(ficlog, "varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
+                                 varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
+                                 if(vpopbased==1)
+                                         fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
+                                 else
+                                         fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
+                                 for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
+                                 fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
+                                 /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
+                                 epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
+                                 printf("Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
+                                 fprintf(ficlog,"Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
+                                 for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
+                                         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
+                                         if (vpopbased==1) {
+                                                 if(mobilav ==0){
+                                                         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                                                                 prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
+                                                 }else{ /* mobilav */
+                                                         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
+                                                                 prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
+                                                 }
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
+                                         /* fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav,Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */ /* to be done */
+                                         /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
+                                         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
+                                                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
+                                                         epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
+                                                         /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
+                                                         /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
+                                                 }
+                                                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
+                                         }
+                                         /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
+                                         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
+                                                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
+                                                         vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
+                                         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
+                                         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
+                                                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
+                                         }
+                                         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
+                                 }
+       } /* End vpopbased */
+       free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+       free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
+       printf("done \n");fflush(stdout);
+       fprintf(ficlog,"done\n");fflush(ficlog);
+       /*}*/
+     } /* End k */
      free_vector(weight,1,n);
-     free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
+     free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
      free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
      free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);
      free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
      free_ivector(cod,1,n);
      free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
-     fclose(ficreseij);
+     fclose(ficresstdeij);
+     fclose(ficrescveij);
      fclose(ficresvij);
      fclose(ficrest);
+     printf("done Health expectancies\n");fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"done Health expectancies\n");fflush(ficlog);
      fclose(ficpar);
-     /*------- Variance of stable prevalence------*/
+     /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/
-     strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
+     strcpy(fileresvpl,"VPL_");
-     strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
+     strcat(fileresvpl,fileresu);
      if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
-       printf("Problem with variance of stable prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
+       printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
        exit(0);
      }
-     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of stable prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
+     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog, "Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(ficlog);
-     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
+     /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
-       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
+       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
-         k=k+1;
-         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
+     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,nqveff); k++){
-         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
+         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
-           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
+                         for(j=1;j<=nqveff;j++)
-         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
+                                 fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
+                         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
-         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
+                         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
-         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
+                         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
-         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
+                         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, strstart);
-         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
+                         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
-       }
+       /*}*/
      }
      fclose(ficresvpl);
+     printf("done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(stdout);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(ficlog);
      /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
-     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+     if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0)
-     free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
+       free_ma3x(mobaverages,1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax); /* We need to have a squared matrix with prevalence of the dead! */
+     free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
-   }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
+     free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
      free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+   }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
+  /* endfree:*/
      free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
+     free_ma3x(cotqvar,1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);
+     free_ma3x(cotvar,1,maxwav,1,ntv,1,n);
+     free_matrix(coqvar,1,maxwav,1,n);
      free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
      free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
+     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
      /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
      free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
      free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
      free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
-     free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
+     free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
-     free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
+     free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
-     free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
+     free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
-     free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
+     free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
-     free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
+     free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
-     free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
+     free_ivector(invalidvarcomb,1,ncovcombmax);
+     free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
+     free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
+     /* free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fflush(ficgp);
    if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
-     printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
+     printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
-     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
+     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
    }else{
      printf("End of Imach\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
    }
    printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
    /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
-   (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
+   /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
-   tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
+   rend_time = time(NULL);
-   tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
+   end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
-   strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
+   /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
+   strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
    printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend);
    fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend);
-   printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
+   printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
-   printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
+   printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
-   fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
+   fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
    /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
  /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
-   fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>",strstart, strtend);
+   fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
    fclose(fichtm);
+   fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
    fclose(fichtmcov);
    fclose(ficgp);
    fclose(ficlog);
    /*------ End -----------*/
-   chdir(path);
- #ifndef UNIX
+    printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
-   /*  strcpy(plotcmd,"\""); */
+ #ifdef WIN32
- #endif
+    if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
-   strcpy(plotcmd,pathimach);
+            printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
+    if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
+ #else
+    if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
+            printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
+    if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
+ #endif
+     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
    /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
-   strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
+   sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
- #ifndef UNIX
+ #ifdef _WIN32
-   strcat(plotcmd,".exe");
+   sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
-   /*  strcat(plotcmd,"\"");*/
+ #endif
- #endif
+   if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
-   if(stat(plotcmd,&info)){
+     printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
-     printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
+     if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
-   }
+       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
+     }else
- #ifndef UNIX
+       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
-   strcpy(plotcmd,"\"");
+ #ifdef __unix
- #endif
+     strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
-   strcat(plotcmd,pathimach);
+     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
-   strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
+       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
- #ifndef UNIX
+     }else
-   strcat(plotcmd,".exe");
+       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
-   strcat(plotcmd,"\"");
+ #endif
- #endif
+   }else
-   strcat(plotcmd," ");
+     strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
-   strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
-   printf("Starting graphs with: %s",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
+   sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
+   printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
    if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
-     printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
+     printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
+     printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
+     sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
+     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
+       printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
    }
-   printf(" Wait...");
+   printf(" Successful, please wait...");
    while (z[0] != 'q') {
      /* chdir(path); */
-     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
+     printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
      scanf("%s",z);
  /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
      if (z[0] == 'e') {
-       printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
+ #ifdef __APPLE__
-       system(optionfilehtm);
+       sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
+ #elif __linux
+       sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
+ #else
+       sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
+ #endif
+       printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
+       system(pplotcmd);
      }
      else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
      else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
    }
    end:
    while (z[0] != 'q') {
-     printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
+     printf("\nType  q for exiting: "); fflush(stdout);
      scanf("%s",z);
    }
  }

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