Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.1.1.1 and 1.35

version 1.1.1.1, 2000/12/28 18:49:56 version 1.35, 2002/03/26 17:08:39
Line 1 Line 1
       /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************             Interpolated Markov Chain
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal   
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where     Short summary of the programme:
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status   
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews     This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.     cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between     first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   reach the Maximum Likekilhood of the parameters involved in the model.    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'     Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   age", you should modify the program where the markup     probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
     'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the     complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some     where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    convergence.
   hPijx is the probability to be  
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of     multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or     identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.     split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
       states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   from the European Union.    hPijx.
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.
   **********************************************************************/   
      Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 #include <math.h>             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 #include <stdio.h>    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 #include <stdlib.h>    from the European Union.
 #include <unistd.h>    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
     software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
 #define MAXLINE 256    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    **********************************************************************/
 /*#define DEBUG*/   
 /*#define win*/  #include <math.h>
   #include <stdio.h>
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  #include <stdlib.h>
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncov */  #include <unistd.h>
   
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  #define MAXLINE 256
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  #define FILENAMELENGTH 80
 #define MAXN 20000  /*#define DEBUG*/
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */  #define windows
 #define AGESUP 130  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 #define AGEBASE 40  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
   
   #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
 int nvar;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   
 int npar=NPARMAX;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
 int ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncov=2 */  #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   #define MAXN 20000
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */  #define AGESUP 130
 int mle, weightopt;  #define AGEBASE 40
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  int erreur; /* Error number */
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  int nvar;
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;  int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;  int npar=NPARMAX;
   int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
 #define NR_END 1  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
 #define FREE_ARG char*  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  int popbased=0;
   
 #define NRANSI   int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
 #define ITMAX 200   int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
   int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
 #define TOL 2.0e-4   int mle, weightopt;
   int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660   int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10   double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);   double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 #define GOLD 1.618034   FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 #define GLIMIT 100.0   FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;
 #define TINY 1.0e-20   FILE *ficreseij;
     char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;   FILE  *ficresvij;
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))   FILE  *ficresvpl;
      char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))  
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  #define NR_END 1
   #define FREE_ARG char*
 static double sqrarg;  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}   #define NRANSI
   #define ITMAX 200
 int imx;   
 int stepm;  #define TOL 2.0e-4
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/  
   #define CGOLD 0.3819660
 int m,nb;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=2,*cod;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;  
 double **pmmij;  #define GOLD 1.618034
   #define GLIMIT 100.0
 double *weight;  #define TINY 1.0e-20
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */   
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   
 /******************************************/  static double sqrarg;
   #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}
 {  
   int i;  int imx;
   int lg=20;  int stepm;
   i=0;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  int m,nb;
     (s[i] = t[i]);  int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   }  double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;
 }  double dateintmean=0;
 void cut(char *u,char *v, char*t)  
 {  double *weight;
   int i,lg,j,p;  int **s; /* Status */
   i=0;  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t); j++) {  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     if(t[j]=='\\') p=j;  
   }  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  /**************** split *************************/
     (u[j] = t[j]);  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
     u[p]='\0';  {
   }     char *s;                             /* pointer */
      int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
   for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);     l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */
   }     if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
 }  #ifdef windows
      s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  #else
      s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  #endif
 {     if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);        extern char       *getwd( );
   exit(1);  
 }        if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {
 /*********************** vector *******************/  #else
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)        extern char       *getcwd( );
 {  
   double *v;        if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  #endif
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");           return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
   return v-nl+NR_END;        }
 }        strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */
      } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */
 /************************ free vector ******************/        s++;                              /* after this, the filename */
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)        l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */
 {        if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));        strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */
 }        strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */
         dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */
 /************************ivector *******************************/     }
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)     l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */
 {  #ifdef windows
   int *v;     if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  #else
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");     if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
   return v-nl+NR_END;  #endif
 }     s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
      s++;
 /******************free ivector **************************/     strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)     l1= strlen( name);
 {     l2= strlen( s)+1;
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));     strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
 }     finame[l1-l2]= 0;
      return( 0 );                         /* we're done */
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  }
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)   
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */   
 {   /******************************************/
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;   
   int **m;   void replace(char *s, char*t)
     {
   /* allocate pointers to rows */     int i;
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));     int lg=20;
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");     i=0;
   m += NR_END;     lg=strlen(t);
   m -= nrl;     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
         (s[i] = t[i]);
         if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */     }
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));   }
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");   
   m[nrl] += NR_END;   int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   m[nrl] -= ncl;   {
       int i,j=0;
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;     int lg=20;
       i=0;
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */     lg=strlen(s);
   return m;     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
 }     if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     }
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    return j;
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  }
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;   void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */   {
 {     int i,lg,j,p=0;
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));     i=0;
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));     for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
 }       if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
     }
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    lg=strlen(t);
 {    for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;      (u[j] = t[j]);
   double **m;    }
        u[p]='\0';
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
   m += NR_END;      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
   m -= nrl;    }
   }
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   {
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
   return m;    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
 }    exit(1);
   }
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  /*********************** vector *******************/
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
 {  {
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    double *v;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
     return v-nl+NR_END;
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  }
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {  /************************ free vector ******************/
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   double ***m;  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  }
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  /************************ivector *******************************/
   m -= nrl;  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   {
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    int *v;
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   }
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
   /******************free ivector **************************/
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  {
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  }
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)   
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
     int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  {
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)     long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    int **m;
   }   
   return m;    /* allocate pointers to rows */
 }    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    m += NR_END;
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    m -= nrl;
 {   
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));   
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
 }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    m[nrl] -= ncl;
 extern int ncom;    
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    
      /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */
 double f1dim(double x)     return m;
 {   }
   int j;   
   double f;  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   double *xt;   void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
          int **m;
   xt=vector(1,ncom);         long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];        /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);   {
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);     free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   return f;     free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));
 }   }
   
 /*****************brent *************************/  /******************* matrix *******************************/
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)   double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
 {   {
   int iter;     long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   double a,b,d,etemp;    double **m;
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   double e=0.0;     m += NR_END;
      m -= nrl;
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);   
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   x=w=v=bx;     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);     m[nrl] += NR_END;
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {     m[nrl] -= ncl;
     xm=0.5*(a+b);   
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    return m;
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  }
 #ifdef DEBUG  
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  /*************************free matrix ************************/
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
 #endif  {
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       *xmin=x;     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       return fx;   }
     }   
     ftemp=fu;  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {   double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);   {
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);     long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;     double ***m;
       q=2.0*(q-r);   
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;     m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       q=fabs(q);     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       etemp=e;     m += NR_END;
       e=d;     m -= nrl;
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))   
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));     m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       else {     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         d=p/q;     m[nrl] += NR_END;
         u=x+d;     m[nrl] -= ncl;
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)   
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
       }   
     } else {     m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));     if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
     }     m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));     m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
     fu=(*f)(u);     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)
     if (fu <= fx) {       m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)       m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
         } else {       for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;         m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {     }
             v=w;     return m;
             w=u;   }
             fv=fw;   
             fw=fu;   /*************************free ma3x ************************/
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {   void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
             v=u;   {
             fv=fu;     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
           }     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         }     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   }   }
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");   
   *xmin=x;   /***************** f1dim *************************/
   return fx;   extern int ncom;
 }   extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/   
   double f1dim(double x)
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,   {
             double (*func)(double))     int j;
 {     double f;
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    double *xt;
   double fu;    
      xt=vector(1,ncom);
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);     for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);     f=(*nrfunc)(xt);
   if (*fb > *fa) {     free_vector(xt,1,ncom);
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)     return f;
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)   }
       }   
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);   /*****************brent *************************/
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)
   while (*fb > *fc) {   {
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);     int iter;
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);     double a,b,d,etemp;
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/     double fu,fv,fw,fx;
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));     double ftemp;
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);     double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {     double e=0.0;
       fu=(*func)(u);    
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {     a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);
       fu=(*func)(u);     b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);
       if (fu < *fc) {     x=w=v=bx;
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))     for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {
           }       xm=0.5*(a+b);
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {       tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);
       u=ulim;       /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       fu=(*func)(u);       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
     } else {   #ifdef DEBUG
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);       printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       fu=(*func)(u);       /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
     }   #endif
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)       if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)         *xmin=x;
       }         return fx;
 }       }
       ftemp=fu;
 /*************** linmin ************************/      if (fabs(e) > tol1) {
         r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);
 int ncom;         q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);
 double *pcom,*xicom;        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);         q=2.0*(q-r);
          if (q > 0.0) p = -p;
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))         q=fabs(q);
 {         etemp=e;
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,         e=d;
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);         if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))
   double f1dim(double x);           d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,         else {
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));           d=p/q;
   int j;           u=x+d;
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;           if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)
   double fx,fb,fa;            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);
          }
   ncom=n;       } else {
   pcom=vector(1,n);         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
   xicom=vector(1,n);       }
   nrfunc=func;       u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {       fu=(*f)(u);
     pcom[j]=p[j];       if (fu <= fx) {
     xicom[j]=xi[j];         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;
   }         SHFT(v,w,x,u)
   ax=0.0;           SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)
   xx=1.0;           } else {
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);             if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);             if (fu <= fw || w == x) {
 #ifdef DEBUG              v=w;
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);              w=u;
 #endif              fv=fw;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {               fw=fu;
     xi[j] *= xmin;             } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {
     p[j] += xi[j];               v=u;
   }               fv=fu;
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);             }
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);           }
 }     }
     nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");
 /*************** powell ************************/    *xmin=x;
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,     return fx;
             double (*func)(double []))   }
   
 {   /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,               double (*func)(double))
               double (*func)(double []));   {
   int i,ibig,j;     double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    double fu;
   double fp,fptt;   
   double *xits;    *fa=(*func)(*ax);
   pt=vector(1,n);     *fb=(*func)(*bx);
   ptt=vector(1,n);     if (*fb > *fa) {
   xit=vector(1,n);       SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)
   xits=vector(1,n);         SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)
   *fret=(*func)(p);         }
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];     *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {     *fc=(*func)(*cx);
     fp=(*fret);     while (*fb > *fc) {
     ibig=0;       r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);
     del=0.0;       q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)         (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);
     printf("\n");      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {         fu=(*func)(u);
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];       } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {
       fptt=(*fret);         fu=(*func)(u);
 #ifdef DEBUG        if (fu < *fc) {
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))
 #endif            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);            }
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);       } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {         u=ulim;
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));         fu=(*func)(u);
         ibig=i;       } else {
       }         u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);
 #ifdef DEBUG        fu=(*func)(u);
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));      }
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);        }
       }  }
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)   
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  /*************** linmin ************************/
       printf("\n");  
 #endif  int ncom;
     }   double *pcom,*xicom;
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  double (*nrfunc)(double []);
 #ifdef DEBUG   
       int k[2],l;  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))
       k[0]=1;  {
       k[1]=-1;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)     double f1dim(double x);
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,
       printf("\n");                double *fc, double (*func)(double));
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    int j;
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double xx,xmin,bx,ax;
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    double fx,fb,fa;
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);   
         }    ncom=n;
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    pcom=vector(1,n);
       }    xicom=vector(1,n);
 #endif    nrfunc=func;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       pcom[j]=p[j];
       free_vector(xit,1,n);       xicom[j]=xi[j];
       free_vector(xits,1,n);     }
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);     ax=0.0;
       free_vector(pt,1,n);     xx=1.0;
       return;     mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);
     }     *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");   #ifdef DEBUG
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {     printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];   #endif
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       pt[j]=p[j];       xi[j] *= xmin;
     }       p[j] += xi[j];
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);     }
     if (fptt < fp) {     free_vector(xicom,1,n);
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);     free_vector(pcom,1,n);
       if (t < 0.0) {   }
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);   
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {   /*************** powell ************************/
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];   void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];               double (*func)(double []))
         }  {
 #ifdef DEBUG    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);                double (*func)(double []));
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    int i,ibig,j;
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
         printf("\n");    double fp,fptt;
 #endif    double *xits;
       }     pt=vector(1,n);
     }     ptt=vector(1,n);
   }     xit=vector(1,n);
 }     xits=vector(1,n);
     *fret=(*func)(p);
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];
     for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl)      fp=(*fret);
 {      ibig=0;
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit      del=0.0;
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);
       for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
   int i, ii,j,k;        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;      printf("\n");
   double **matprod2();      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];
   double **newm;        fptt=(*fret);
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  #endif
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);
     }        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){          ibig=i;
     newm=savm;        }
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  #ifdef DEBUG
     cov[1]=1.;        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     cov[2]=agefin;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncov,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
 /*    printf("age=%f agefin=%f po=%f pn=%f\n",age,agefin,oldm[1][1],newm[1][1]);*/          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
             }
     savm=oldm;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
     oldm=newm;          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
     maxmax=0.;        printf("\n");
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  #endif
       min=1.;      }
       max=0.;      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  #ifdef DEBUG
         sumnew=0;        int k[2],l;
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];        k[0]=1;
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);        k[1]=-1;
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++)
       }          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
       maxmin=max-min;        printf("\n");
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
     }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
       return prlim;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
     }          }
   }          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
 }        }
   #endif
 /*************** transition probabilities **********/   
   
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncov, double *x, int nlstate )        free_vector(xit,1,n);
 {        free_vector(xits,1,n);
   double s1, s2;        free_vector(ptt,1,n);
   /*double t34;*/        free_vector(pt,1,n);
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;        return;
       }
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncov; nc++){        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncov+(j-1)*ncov+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncov]*cov[nc];        pt[j]=p[j];
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      }
       }      fptt=(*func)(ptt);
       ps[i][j]=s2;      if (fptt < fp) {
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);
     }        if (t < 0.0) {
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncov; nc++){          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncov+(j-2)*ncov+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncov]*cov[nc];            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/            xi[j][n]=xit[j];
       }          }
       ps[i][j]=s2;  #ifdef DEBUG
     }          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   }          for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
      s1=0;          printf("\n");
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  #endif
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);        }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)      }
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    }
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  }
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  /**** Prevalence limit ****************/
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  {
   } /* end i */    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
        matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    int i, ii,j,k;
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    double **matprod2();
     }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
   }    double **newm;
     double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
    }        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("\n ");      }
     }  
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/     cov[1]=1.;
 /*   
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   goto end;*/    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
     return ps;      newm=savm;
 }      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
        cov[2]=agefin;
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/   
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 {          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times        }
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  
   long i, j, k;        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  
       savm=oldm;
   return out;      oldm=newm;
 }      maxmax=0.;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
         min=1.;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/        max=0.;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm )          sumnew=0;
 {          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month           prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
      duration (i.e. until          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.           min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step         }
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).        maxmin=max-min;
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be         maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
      included manually here.       }
       if(maxmax < ftolpl){
      */        return prlim;
       }
   int i, j, d, h;    }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  }
   double **newm;  
   /*************** transition probabilities ***************/
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  {
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    double s1, s2;
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    /*double t34;*/
     }    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){      for(j=1; j<i;j++){
       newm=savm;        for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */          /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
       cov[1]=1.;          s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;          /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/        }
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,         ps[i][j]=s2;
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncov,x,nlstate));        /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/
       savm=oldm;      }
       oldm=newm;      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     }        for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)          s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];        }
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);        ps[i][j]=s2;
          */      }
       }    }
   } /* end h */      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
   return po;  
 }    for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
        s1=0;
       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
 double func( double *x)      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
 {        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d;      ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];      for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   double **out;        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   long ipmx;      /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   /*extern weight */    } /* end i */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
 printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);        ps[ii][jj]=0;
   */        ps[ii][ii]=1;
       }
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    }
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  
        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
             for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){       printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);
         newm=savm;     }
           cov[1]=1.;      printf("\n ");
           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;      }
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncov,x,nlstate));  /*
           savm=oldm;    for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
           oldm=newm;    goto end;*/
       return ps;
   }
       } /* end mult */  
      /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
       ipmx +=1;  {
       sw += weight[i];    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
     } /* end of wave */    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized
   } /* end of individual */       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
        a pointer to pointers identical to out */
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    long i, j, k;
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
   return -l;        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
 }          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
   
     return out;
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  }
   
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncov, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  
 {  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   int i,j, iter;  
   double **xi,*delti;  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   double fret;  {
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)       duration (i.e. until
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
   printf("Powell\n");       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
        included manually here.
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));       */
   
 }    int i, j, d, h, k;
     double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    double **newm;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  
 {    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   double **hess;      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int i, j,jk;        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int *indx;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;        newm=savm;
         /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         cov[1]=1.;
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  
   }  
         /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       if (j>i) {                      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);        savm=oldm;
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);        oldm=newm;
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      }
       }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
     }        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   }          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   printf("\n");          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
            */
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");        }
       } /* end h */
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    return po;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  }
   x=vector(1,npar);  
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  double func( double *x)
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  {
     int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    double **out;
     x[j]=1;    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){     long ipmx;
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    /*extern weight */
     }    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   }    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {     */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {     cov[1]=1.;
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  
     }    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     printf("\n");    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   /* Recompute Inverse */        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);          newm=savm;
           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;         
     x[j]=1;          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){           savm=oldm;
       y[i][j]=x[i];          oldm=newm;
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);         
     }         
     printf("\n");        } /* end mult */
   }       
   */        lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);
         /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);        ipmx +=1;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        sw += weight[i];
   free_vector(x,1,npar);        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);      } /* end of wave */
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    } /* end of individual */
   
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
 }    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    return -l;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  }
 {  
   int i;  
   int l=1, lmax=20;  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   double k1,k2;  
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   double res;  {
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;    int i,j, iter;
   double fx;    double **xi,*delti;
   int k=0,kmax=10;    double fret;
   double l1;    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   fx=func(x);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    printf("Powell\n");
     l1=pow(10,l);    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
     delts=delt;  
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){     printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
       delt = delta*(l1*k);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  }
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  {
           double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
 #ifdef DEBUG    double **hess;
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    int i, j,jk;
 #endif    int *indx;
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);
         k=kmax;    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);
       }    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  
       }    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){   
         delts=delt;    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
       }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
     }      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   }      hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);
   delti[theta]=delts;      /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/
   return res;      /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/
       }
 }   
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
 {        if (j>i) {
   int i;          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
   int k;        }
       }
   fx=func(x);    }
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    printf("\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;   
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    x=vector(1,npar);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
         for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;      x[j]=1;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
     k4=func(p2)-fx;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
 #ifdef DEBUG      }
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    }
 #endif  
   }    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   return res;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
 }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/      }
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)       printf("\n");
 {     }
   int i,imax,j,k;   
   double big,dum,sum,temp;     /* Recompute Inverse */
   double *vv;     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
        for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
   vv=vector(1,n);     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   *d=1.0;   
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {     /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
     big=0.0;   
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");       x[j]=1;
     vv[i]=1.0/big;       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   }       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {         y[i][j]=x[i];
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {         printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       sum=a[i][j];       }
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];       printf("\n");
       a[i][j]=sum;     }
     }     */
     big=0.0;   
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {     free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
       sum=a[i][j];     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)     free_vector(x,1,npar);
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];     free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
       a[i][j]=sum;     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {   
         big=dum;   
         imax=i;   }
       }   
     }   /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
     if (j != imax) {   double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {   {
         dum=a[imax][k];     int i;
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];     int l=1, lmax=20;
         a[j][k]=dum;     double k1,k2;
       }     double p2[NPARMAX+1];
       *d = -(*d);     double res;
       vv[imax]=vv[j];     double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     }     double fx;
     indx[j]=imax;     int k=0,kmax=10;
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;     double l1;
     if (j != n) {   
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);     fx=func(x);
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     }     for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
   }       l1=pow(10,l);
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */      delts=delt;
 ;      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
 }         delt = delta*(l1*k);
         p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])         k1=func(p2)-fx;
 {         p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;         k2=func(p2)-fx;
   double sum;         /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
          res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        
     ip=indx[i];   #ifdef DEBUG
     sum=b[ip];         printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
     b[ip]=b[i];   #endif
     if (ii)         /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];         if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
     else if (sum) ii=i;           k=kmax;
     b[i]=sum;         }
   }         else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {           k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
     sum=b[i];         }
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];         else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];           delts=delt;
   }         }
 }       }
     }
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    delti[theta]=delts;
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx)    return res;
 {  /* Some frequencies */   
    }
   int i, m, jk;  
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)
   double *pp;  {
   double pos;    int i;
   FILE *ficresp;    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     double p2[NPARMAX+1];
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    int k;
   
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    fx=func(x);
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     exit(0);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   }      k1=func(p2)-fx;
    
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        k2=func(p2)-fx;
       for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)   
         freq[i][jk][m]=0;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {      k3=func(p2)-fx;
     for(m=firstpass; m<= lastpass-1; m++){   
       if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
        freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];      k4=func(p2)-fx;
        freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
   }      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   #endif
   fprintf(ficresp, "#");    }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     return res;
     fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  }
 fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  
   /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)  {
       printf("Total");    int i,imax,j,k;
     else    double big,dum,sum,temp;
       printf("Age %d", i);    double *vv;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){   
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    vv=vector(1,n);
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    *d=1.0;
     }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      big=0.0;
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)      for (j=1;j<=n;j++)
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);      vv[i]=1.0/big;
       else    }
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }      for (i=1;i<j;i++) {
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        sum=a[i][j];
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        a[i][j]=sum;
     }      }
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)      big=0.0;
       pos += pp[jk];      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        sum=a[i][j];
       if(pos>=1.e-5)        for (k=1;k<j;k++)
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];
       else        a[i][j]=sum;
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {
       if( i <= (int) agemax){          big=dum;
         if(pos>=1.e-5)          imax=i;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);        }
       else      }
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);      if (j != imax) {
       }        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {
     }          dum=a[imax][k];
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          a[imax][k]=a[j][k];
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          a[j][k]=dum;
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);        }
     if(i <= (int) agemax)        *d = -(*d);
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");        vv[imax]=vv[j];
     printf("\n");      }
   }      indx[j]=imax;
       if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;
   fclose(ficresp);      if (j != n) {
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;
       }
 }  /* End of Freq */    }
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  ;
   }
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)  
 {  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.  {
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).    int i,ii=0,ip,j;
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i    double sum;
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]   
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
      */      ip=indx[i];
       sum=b[ip];
   int i, mi, m;      b[ip]=b[i];
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;      if (ii)
 float sum=0.;        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];
       else if (sum) ii=i;
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){      b[i]=sum;
     mi=0;    }
     m=firstpass;    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){      sum=b[i];
       if(s[m][i]>=1)      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];
         mw[++mi][i]=m;      b[i]=sum/a[i][i];
       if(m >=lastpass)    }
         break;  }
       else  
         m++;  /************ Frequencies ********************/
     }/* end while */  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  {  /* Some frequencies */
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */   
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
       mw[mi][i]=m;    double *pp;
     }    double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     FILE *ficresp;
     wav[i]=mi;    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     if(mi==0)   
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   }    probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       if (stepm <=0)      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
         dh[mi][i]=1;      exit(0);
       else{    }
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {    freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);     j1=0;
           if(j=0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */   
         }    j=cptcoveff;
         else{    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));   
           k=k+1;    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;        j1++;
           sum=sum+j;        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
         }          scanf("%d", i);*/
         jk= j/stepm;        for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
         jl= j -jk*stepm;          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)
         if(jl <= -ju)              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
           dh[mi][i]=jk;       
         else        dateintsum=0;
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        k2cpt=0;
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */          bool=1;
       }          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
   }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,sum/k);                bool=0;
 }          }
           if (bool==1) {
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
               k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm)              if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {
 {                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;
   /* Health expectancies */                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;                if (m<lastpass) {
   double age, agelim,hf;                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   double ***p3mat;                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];
                 }
   FILE  *ficreseij;               
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {
                   dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
   strcpy(filerese,"e");                  k2cpt++;
   strcat(filerese,fileres);                }
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {              }
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);            }
   }          }
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);        }
          
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");        fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        if  (cptcovn>0) {
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
         }
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */           fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   agelim=AGESUP;       
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */          if(i==(int)agemax+3)
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);             printf("Total");
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */           else
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            printf("Age %d", i);
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */          }
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm);            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
               pos += freq[jk][m][i];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            else
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
         }          }
       
     hf=1;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)
       }            pos += pp[jk];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            if(pos>=1.e-5)
   }              printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   fclose(ficreseij);            else
 }              printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             if( i <= (int) agemax){
 /************ Variance ******************/              if(pos>=1.e-5){
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl)                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);
 {                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;
   /* Variance of health expectancies */                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/              }
   double **newm;              else
   double **dnewm,**doldm;                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;            }
   int k;          }
   FILE  *ficresvij;         
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
   double *xp;            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   double **gp, **gm;              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          if(i <= (int) agemax)
   double ***p3mat;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   double age,agelim;          printf("\n");
   int theta;        }
       }
   strcpy(fileresv,"v");    }
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {   
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    fclose(ficresp);
   }    free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
    
     /* End of Freq */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");  }
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /************ Prevalence ********************/
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);  {  /* Some frequencies */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");   
     int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    double *pp;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double pos, k2;
     
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */     probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   agelim = AGESUP;   
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */     j1=0;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;   
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    j=cptcoveff;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);   
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
         j1++;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){   
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
       }            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm);                freq[i][jk][m]=0;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);       
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          bool=1;
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          if  (cptcovn>0) {
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
         }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])
       }                bool=0;
               }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          if (bool==1) {
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm);                k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);              if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)                if (m<lastpass) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];                /* freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3+1)] += weight[i];  */
         }              }
       }            }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)          }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        }
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){
         }            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     } /* End theta */              for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
                 pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            }
             for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          }
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];         
            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;           }
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){           
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){           for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)             if( i <= (int) agemax){
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)               if(pos>=1.e-5){
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];                 probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;
       }               }
     }             }
     h=1;           }
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;           
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          }
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    }
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);   
       }   
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);   
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  }  /* End of Freq */
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   } /* End age */  
   fclose(ficresvij);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  {
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
 }       dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/       */
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl)  
 {    int i, mi, m;
   /* Variance of health expectancies */    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
   double **newm;  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    double sum=0.;
   int k;    jmin=1e+5;
   FILE  *ficresvpl;    jmax=-1;
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    jmean=0.;
   double *xp;    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   double *gp, *gm;      mi=0;
   double **gradg, **trgradg;      m=firstpass;
   double age,agelim;      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
   int theta;        if(s[m][i]>=1)
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");        if(m >=lastpass)
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          break;
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {        else
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);          m++;
     exit(0);      }/* end while */
   }      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
            /* Only death is a correct wave */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");        mw[mi][i]=m;
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");      }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);      wav[i]=mi;
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      if(mi==0)
         printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);
   xp=vector(1,npar);    }
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        if (stepm <=0)
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */           dh[mi][i]=1;
   agelim = AGESUP;        else{
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */             if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */            if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);            k=k+1;
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);            if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);            if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;
             sum=sum+j;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){            /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */            }
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          }
       }          else{
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            k=k+1;
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];            if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
                 else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            sum=sum+j;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);          }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          jk= j/stepm;
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          if(jl <= -ju)
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];            dh[mi][i]=jk;
     } /* End theta */          else
             dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          if(dh[mi][i]==0)
             dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        }
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      }
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    }
     jmean=sum/k;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;   }
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  {
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;
     int cptcode=0;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    cptcoveff=0;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));    for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);  
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);
   } /* End age */        Ndum[ij]++;
   fclose(ficresvpl);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      }
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
       for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
 }        if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;
       }
       ij=1;
   
 /***********************************************/  
 /**************** Main Program *****************/      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
 /***********************************************/        for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {
           if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
 int main()            /*     printf("nbcodeaaaaaaaaaaa=%d Tvar[j]=%d ij=%d j=%d",nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij],Tvar[j],ij,j);*/
 {            ij++;
           }
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size;          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;        }  
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;      }
     }  
   double fret;  
   double **xi,tmp,delta;   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */   for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {
   double ***p3mat;        ij=Tvar[i];
   int *indx;        Ndum[ij]++;
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];      }
   char title[MAXLINE];  
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];   ij=1;
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];   for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];       Tvaraff[ij]=i;
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80];       ij++;
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;     }
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */   }
   int c,  h , cpt,l;   
   int ju,jl, mi;      cptcoveff=ij-1;
   int i1,j1, k1,jk,aa,bb, stepsize;  }
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;  
     /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   int hstepm, nhstepm;  
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)
   double ftolpl=FTOL;  {
   double **prlim;    /* Health expectancies */
   double *severity;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k;
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    double age, agelim, hf;
   double  *p;    double ***p3mat;
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */   
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
   double *delti; /* Scale */    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   double *epj, vepp;        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.64, May 2000, INED-EUROREVES ";    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];  
   char z[1]="c";    k=1;             /* For example stepm=6 months */
 #include <sys/time.h>    hstepm=k*YEARM; /* (a) Every k years of age (in months), for example every k=2 years 24 m */
 #include <time.h>    hstepm=stepm;   /* or (b) We decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
   /* long total_usecs;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.
          Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */       and note for a fixed period like k years */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64");       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
 #define windows 1       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
 #ifdef windows    */
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if k= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  
   cut(path,optionfile,pathtot);    agelim=AGESUP;
   chdir(path);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   replace(pathc,path);      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
 #endif      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);
 #ifdef unix      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
   scanf("%s",optionfile);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
 #endif      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   strcpy(fileres,"r");      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*---------arguments file --------*/        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     goto end;          }
   }      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   strcpy(filereso,"o");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   strcat(filereso,fileres);          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age]);
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {        }
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   }      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     }
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/  }
   
   if((fichtm=fopen("index.htm","w"))==NULL)    {  /************ Variance ******************/
     printf("Problem with index.htm \n");goto end;  void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)
   }  {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul><li>Outputs files<br><br>\n    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    double **newm;
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>    double **dnewm,**doldm;
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, kk;
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>    int k, cptcode;
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>    double *xp;
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>    double **gp, **gm;
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>    double ***p3mat;
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    double age,agelim, hf;
     int theta;
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs<br> <br>");  
       fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");
 for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++)    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
    fprintf(fichtm,"- Prevalence of disability: p%s1.gif<br>    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 <img src=\"p%s1.gif\"><br>",strtok(optionfile, "."),strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
  for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++)        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
      fprintf(fichtm,"- Observed and stationary  prevalence (with confident    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d.gif <br>  
 <img src=\"v%s%d.gif\"><br>",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);    xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
  for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++)    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      fprintf(fichtm,"- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d.gif <br>   
 <img src=\"ex%s%d.gif\"><br>",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);    kk=1;             /* For example stepm=6 months */
        hstepm=kk*YEARM; /* (a) Every k years of age (in months), for example every k=2 years 24 m */
  fprintf(fichtm,"- Total life expectancy by age and    hstepm=stepm;   /* or (b) We decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
         health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s.gif<br>    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
         <img src=\"e%s.gif\"></li> </ul></body>",strtok(optionfile, "."),strtok(optionfile, "."));       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
 fclose(fichtm);       and note for a fixed period like k years */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     puts(line);    */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if k= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
   }    agelim = AGESUP;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt);      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt);      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
         gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   nvar=ncov-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     
   /* Read guess parameters */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     puts(line);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }        if (popbased==1) {
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncov);        }
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)   
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
       for(k=1; k<=ncov;k++){          }
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);        }
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);     
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
       }          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       printf("\n");        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");   
     }        if (popbased==1) {
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncov;            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   p=param[1][1];        }
     
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
     puts(line);          }
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncov);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */          }
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      } /* End theta */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){  
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);  
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)
       for(k=1; k<=ncov;k++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  
       }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       printf("\n");        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
     }  
   }      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   delti=delti3[1][1];        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
             matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
     puts(line);        }
     fputs(line,ficparo);      }
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);        }
     printf("%s",str);      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     }    } /* End age */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");   
     printf("\n");    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)  
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)  }
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];  
      /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   printf("\n");  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)
     {
       /* Variance of prevalence limit */
   if(mle==1){    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    double **newm;
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     }    int k, cptcode;
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    double *xp;
         double *gp, *gm;
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {    double **gradg, **trgradg;
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    double age,agelim;
     }    int theta;
          
     n= lastobs;    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     num=ivector(1,n);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
     annais=vector(1,n);  
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    xp=vector(1,npar);
     andc=vector(1,n);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     agedc=vector(1,n);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     cod=ivector(1,n);   
     weight=vector(1,n);    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    agelim = AGESUP;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
     covar=matrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,n);      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
     i=1;       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <lastobs)) {  
 sscanf(line,"%d %lf %lf %lf %lf/%lf %lf/%lf %lf/%lf %d %lf/%lf %d %lf/%lf %d %lf/%lf %d", &num[i], &covar[1][i], &covar[2][i],&weight[i],&moisnais[i],&annais[i],&moisdc[i],&andc[i], &mint[1][i], &anint[1][i], &s[1][i], &mint[2][i],&anint[2][i], &s[2][i],&mint[3][i],&anint[3][i], &s[3][i],&mint[4][i],&anint[4][i], &s[4][i]);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         i=i+1;        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
       }          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     }         }
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     fclose(fic);          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
      
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     }        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){      } /* End theta */
         if(s[m][i] >0){  
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
             if(agedc[i]>0)  
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
             else{        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
               agev[m][i]=-1;  
             }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           }        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
               agev[m][i]=1;        varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){   
               agemin=agev[m][i];      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             }        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
               agemax=agev[m][i];      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
             }      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/    } /* End age */
           }  
           else { /* =9 */    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
             agev[m][i]=1;    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
             s[m][i]=-1;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
           }  
         }  }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  
           agev[m][i]=1;  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
       }  void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)
       {
     }    int i, j;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    int k=0, cptcode;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    double **dnewm,**doldm;
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    double *xp;
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");      double *gp, *gm;
           goto end;    double **gradg, **trgradg;
         }    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
       }    int theta;
     }    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);    }
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);   
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);  
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    xp=vector(1,npar);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    cov[1]=1;
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      cov[2]=age;
          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);
     /* Concatenates waves */      trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);      gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age     
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
       freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx);         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */       
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */     
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        k=0;
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]             k=k+1;
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */            gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */          }
             }
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncov, nlstate, ftol, func);  
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     /*--------- results files --------------*/     
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt);  
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
    jk=1;        k=0;
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");        for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){
    printf("# Parameters\n");          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            k=k+1;
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){            gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
        if (k != i)           }
          {        }
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);       
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);         for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)
            for(j=1; j <=ncov; j++){             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);      }
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);  
              jk++;        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
            }        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            printf("\n");        trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");   
          }       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
      }       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);
    }  
        pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */  
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */       k=0;
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
     printf("# Scales\n");           k=k+1;
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){          }
         if (j!=i) {       }
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);       
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);       /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
           for(k=1; k<=ncov;k++){       for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);         
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             jk++;         printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
           }       }*/
           printf("\n");  
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
         }  
       }    for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){
       }      if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);
       if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);
     k=1;    }
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");  
     printf("# Covariance\n");      free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){      free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;      free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
       i1=(i-1)/(ncov*nlstate)+1;       free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);  }
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/   free_vector(xp,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);  fclose(ficresprob);
       printf("%3d",i);  
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){  }
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  /******************* Printing html file ***********/
       }  void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");   int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
       printf("\n");   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \
       k++;   char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\
     }   char version[], int popforecast ){
         int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    FILE *fichtm;
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
       puts(line);    strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);
       fputs(line,ficparo);    strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     }    if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
       }
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);  
        fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">Imach, Version %s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n
     if (fage <= 2) {  Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n
       bage = agemin;  \n
       fage = agemax;  Total number of observations=%d <br>\n
     }  Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");   <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);   - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/   - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n
 chdir(pathcd);   - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.gp","w"))==NULL) {   - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;   - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n
   }   - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);
 #ifdef windows  
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);   fprintf(fichtm,"\n
 #endif   - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n
    /* 1eme*/   - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n
    - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {   - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);
 #ifdef windows  
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:%d \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,cpt*2);   if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n
 #endif   - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n
 #ifdef unix   - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:%d \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,cpt*2);          <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);
 #endif   else
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");     fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf",fileres,2*cpt,cpt*2+1);  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf",fileres,2*cpt,2*cpt+1);    m=cptcoveff;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,2+4*(cpt-1));  
 #ifdef unix   jj1=0;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");   for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
 #endif     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);         jj1++;
           if (cptcovn > 0) {
   }           fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
   /*2 eme*/           for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)
               fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
   fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);           fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
   for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {         }
 k=2*i;         fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" u 1:%d \"\%%lf \%%lf (\%%lf) \%%lf (\%%lf)",fileres,k);  <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);    
     for (j=1; j< nlstate ; j ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");         for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
     if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");           fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>
     else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf \%%lf (\%%lf) \%%lf (\%%lf)",fileres,k,k+1);         }
     for (j=1; j< nlstate ; j ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");         fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident
 fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf \%%lf (\%%lf) \%%lf (\%%lf)",fileres,k,k+1);  interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>
     for (j=1; j< nlstate ; j ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);  
     if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");       }
 else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
   }           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."));  <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);
        }
   /*3eme*/       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and
 for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>
   k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);  <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k,cpt);  fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");
 for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {     }
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k+1,cpt,i+1);     }
 }   fclose(fichtm);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"ex%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);  }
 }  
    /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
 /* CV preval stat */  void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
 for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
     k=3;    int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u 2:($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k+cpt,k);  
     for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)    strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
       fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i);    strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");
     fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
           printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
  l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    }
    fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u 2:($%d/($%d",fileres,l+cpt,l);  
    #ifdef windows
    for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
    l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;  #endif
     fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i);  m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    }   
   fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   /* 1eme*/
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
        for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
   fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);  
   }   #ifdef windows
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
   #endif
   fclose(ficgp);  #ifdef unix
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);
 chdir(path);  #endif
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);  
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);  for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
       }
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     free_ivector(num,1,n);    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);  }
     free_vector(weight,1,n);    fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
     free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
     fclose(ficparo);    if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     fclose(ficres);    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   }  }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
   /*________fin mle=1_________*/  #ifdef unix
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");
     #endif
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
   /* No more information from the sample is required now */     }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    /*2 eme*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
     puts(line);      fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
     fputs(line,ficparo);     
   }      for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        k=2*i;
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);        for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);    if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   }  
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/        if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {          if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   }  }  
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");        for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
     }  
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      }
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    }
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */   
       /*3eme*/
   agebase=agemin;  
   agelim=agemax;    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
   ftolpl=1.e-10;      for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
   for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){        k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);
     prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl);        fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );        for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
       fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);        }
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
   }      }
   fclose(ficrespl);      }
      
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    /* CV preval stat */
         for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);      for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {        k=3;
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
   }  
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);        for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;        fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
        
   agelim=AGESUP;        l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
   for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */          l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        }
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);  
     oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm);        }
     fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    }  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    /* proba elementaires */
         fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
     fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
     for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        if (k != i) {
       fprintf(ficrespij,"%.0f %.0f",agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );          for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)         
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)            fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
           fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);            jk++;
       fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
     }          }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        }
     fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      }
   }      }
   fclose(ficrespij);  
       for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
        i=1;
   eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);     for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;       k3=i;
   evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm);       for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
            if (k != k2){
   vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  ij=1;
   varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl);          for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
             if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
   strcpy(filerest,"t");              fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);              ij++;
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {            }
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;            else
   }            fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);          }
   fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");            fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);         
   fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){  
             fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
   hf=1;  ij=1;
   if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;            for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
   epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);            if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
   for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){              fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
     prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl);              ij++;
     fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);            }
     for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){            else
       for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {              fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
         epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];            }
       }            fprintf(ficgp,")");
       epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];          }
     }          fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
     for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)          if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
       for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          i=i+ncovmodel;
         vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];         }
     fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));       }
     for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){     }
       fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);
     }     }
     fprintf(ficrest,"\n");     
   }    fclose(ficgp);
   fclose(ficrest);  }  /* end gnuplot */
   fclose(ficpar);  
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);  
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/     void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){
   
   varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    int i, cpt, cptcod;
   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)
   varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)
               mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);     
         for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
               for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){
                 mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            }
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          }
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        }
         }
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);     
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);  }
     
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncov);  
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   printf("End of Imach\n");  prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */   
       int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    int *popage;
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/    double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
   /*------ End -----------*/    double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
  end:    char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #ifdef windows  
  chdir(pathcd);   agelim=AGESUP;
 #endif   calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
  system("gnuplot graph.gp");  
     prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);
 #ifdef windows   
   while (z[0] != 'q') {   
     chdir(pathcd);     strcpy(fileresf,"f");
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     scanf("%s",z);    if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");      printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {    }
       chdir(path);    printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
       system("index.htm");  
     }    if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);  
   }    if (mobilav==1) {
 #endif       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
 }      movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
    
     agelim=AGESUP;
    
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm;
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
    
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);
    
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);
        
        
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);  
   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
          
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1)
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                  
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);
                          
                 }
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
       }
     }
          
     if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
    
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
    
     prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);
    
    
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop");
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav==1) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
    
     agelim=AGESUP;
    
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm;
    
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       }
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
      
       i=1;  
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
        
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);  
          
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
          
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1)
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);  
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      }
     }
    
     if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   }
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char title[MAXLINE];
     char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
    
     char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;
    
   
     char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a, March 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
   
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   #include <sys/time.h>
   #include <time.h>
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
    
     /* long total_usecs;
     struct timeval start_time, end_time;
    
     gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s",version);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
      printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     replace(pathc,path);
   
   /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       goto end;
     }
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
     cptcovn=0;
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
    
     /* Read guess parameters */
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
     param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
           printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
    
       npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;
   
     p=param[1][1];
    
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
           printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     delti=delti3[1][1];
    
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
     matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
       printf("%s",str);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
       for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
       }
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
     }
     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
       for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
         matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
      
     printf("\n");
   
   
       /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/
        strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
        strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
        strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
        strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
      
       /*-------- data file ----------*/
       if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
         printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       }
   
       n= lastobs;
       severity = vector(1,maxwav);
       outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       num=ivector(1,n);
       moisnais=vector(1,n);
       annais=vector(1,n);
       moisdc=vector(1,n);
       andc=vector(1,n);
       agedc=vector(1,n);
       cod=ivector(1,n);
       weight=vector(1,n);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
       mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
       anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
       s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    
       tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
       ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
       i=1;
       while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {
         if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {
          
           for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
             cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);
             strcpy(line,stra);
             cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
             cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           }
          
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
             cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           }
           num[i]=atol(stra);
          
           /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
             printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
   
           i=i+1;
         }
       }
       /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
          scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
    
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;
        printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}
     */
    
     /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/
     Tvar=ivector(1,15);
     Tprod=ivector(1,15);
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+');
       j1=nbocc(model,'*');
       cptcovn=j+1;
       cptcovprod=j1;
      
       strcpy(modelsav,model);
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
      
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else {
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       }
   }
    
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
       fclose(fic);
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
       if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
         for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
       }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
       agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
          if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
            anint[m][i]=9999;
            s[m][i]=-1;
          }
        if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;
         }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
         agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
         for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){
           if(s[m][i] >0){
             if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
               if(agedc[i]>0)
                 if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)
                   agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
               /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
              else {
                 if (andc[i]!=9999){
                 printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                 agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             }
             else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */
               agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
               if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)
                 agev[m][i]=1;
               else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){
                 agemin=agev[m][i];
                 /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
               }
               else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
                 agemax=agev[m][i];
                /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
               }
               /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
               /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
             }
             else { /* =9 */
               agev[m][i]=1;
               s[m][i]=-1;
             }
           }
           else /*= 0 Unknown */
             agev[m][i]=1;
         }
      
       }
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
         for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){
           if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
             printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");  
             goto end;
           }
         }
       }
   
   printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
   
       free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
       free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
       free_vector(annais,1,n);
       /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
          free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
       free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
       free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
       wav=ivector(1,imx);
       dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
       /* Concatenates waves */
         concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
   
         Tcode=ivector(1,100);
         nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
         ncodemax[1]=1;
         if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
        
      codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);
      h=0;
      m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
      for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
        for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
          for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
            for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
              h++;
              if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
              /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
            }
          }
        }
      }
      /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);
         codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
      /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){
         for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
         printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
         }
         printf("\n");
         }
         scanf("%d",i);*/
      
      /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
          and prints on file fileres'p'. */
   
      
      
       pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
        
       /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
          so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
       p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
       if(mle==1){
       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
      
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
    
   
      jk=1;
      fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
      printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
        for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
          if (k != i)
            {
              printf("%d%d ",i,k);
              fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
              for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                printf("%f ",p[jk]);
                fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
                jk++;
              }
              printf("\n");
              fprintf(ficres,"\n");
            }
        }
      }
    if(mle==1){
       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
       ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
       hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
    }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
        for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
        }
      
       k=1;
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){
         /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;
         i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;
         fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);
         printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/
         fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);
         printf("%3d",i);
         for(j=1; j<=i;j++){
           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
           printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fprintf(ficres,"\n");
         printf("\n");
         k++;
       }
      
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage);
      
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
      
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage);
    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
     fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);
     fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
    fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
        
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
   
      dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;
      dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
     fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);  
     fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);  
    
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);
   fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);
   fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);
   
   
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);
     fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);
     fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);
   
    freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
   
   /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
    printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
    
   /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
    chdir(path);
    
    free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
    free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
    free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
    free_ivector(num,1,n);
    free_vector(agedc,1,n);
    /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
    fclose(ficparo);
    fclose(ficres);
   
   /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast);
   
    
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/
    
     strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
     strcat(filerespl,fileres);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
    
     prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
     k=0;
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
     ftolpl=1.e-10;
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
          
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
     fclose(ficrespl);
   
     /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
    
     strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
     if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
    
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
    
     k=0;
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
          
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
       }
     }
   
     /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/
   
     fclose(ficrespij);
   
   
     /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
     if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){
       prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);
       if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_vector(weight,1,n);}
     else{
       erreur=108;
       printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);
     }
    
   
     /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
     strcpy(filerest,"t");
     strcat(filerest,fileres);
     if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);
   
   
     strcpy(filerese,"e");
     strcat(filerese,fileres);
     if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
    strcpy(fileresv,"v");
     strcat(fileresv,fileres);
     if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
     k=0;
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);  
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
          varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);
      
   
    
         fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
         for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
         epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
         for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
           if (popbased==1) {
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
           }
          
           fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
           for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
             for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
               epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
             }
             epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
           }
           for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
               vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.2f (%7.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.2f (%7.2f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
           }
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
   
     fclose(ficreseij);
     fclose(ficresvij);
     fclose(ficrest);
     fclose(ficpar);
     free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
    
     /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/  
   
     strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
     strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
     if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
       exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
     k=0;
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
        
         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
        varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);
       }
    }
   
     fclose(ficresvpl);
   
     /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
     free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
    
     free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
    
    
     free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
    
     free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(delti,1,npar);
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
     free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
     if(erreur >0)
       printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);
     else   printf("End of Imach\n");
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
    
     /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/
     /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
    end:
   #ifdef windows
     /* chdir(pathcd);*/
   #endif
    /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/
    /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
    strcat(plotcmd," ");
    strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
    system(plotcmd);
   
   #ifdef windows
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
       if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");
       else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
   #endif
   }
   
   

Removed from v.1.1.1.1  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.35


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