Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.35 and 1.186

version 1.35, 2002/03/26 17:08:39 version 1.186, 2015/04/23 12:01:52
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
      Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the    but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a  
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a  
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the  
   probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave    Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where  
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    wrong results.
   convergence.  
     Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple    Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an  
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Summary: Comments on Powell added
   
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    Author:
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx  
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Summary: back to OS/X
   hPijx.  
     Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    *** empty log message ***
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
   from the European Union.    *** empty log message ***
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    *** empty log message ***
   **********************************************************************/  
      Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
 #include <math.h>    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"    Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    Summary: Back from Visual C
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */  
     The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Summary: 0.98p
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */  
 #define AGESUP 130    Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
 #define AGEBASE 40    Summary: update
   
     Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Testing on Linux 64
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    *** empty log message ***
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0;    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
     Summary: After compiling on Visual C
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */  
 int mle, weightopt;    Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;  
 FILE *ficreseij;    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
  FILE  *ficresvij;  
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     Author:
 #define NR_END 1  
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
   
 #define NRANSI    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
 #define ITMAX 200    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
     Summary: WIN32
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Author: Brouard
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
     Author: Brouard
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;  
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
      just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
   
 static double sqrarg;    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    *** empty log message ***
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}  
     Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
 int imx;    Summary: New compile, minor changes
 int stepm;    Author: Brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/  
     Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
 int m,nb;    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
 double dateintmean=0;    Author: Brouard
   
 double *weight;    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
 int **s; /* Status */    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
     Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
 /**************** split *************************/    Author: brouard
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Summary: Nothing new
 #ifdef windows    Author: Brouard
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */  
 #else    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */  
 #endif    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    *** empty log message ***
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  
       extern char       *getwd( );    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
     Summary: Merge
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    Author: Brouard
 #else  
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Merge, before building revised version.
   
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
 #endif    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Author: Nicolas Brouard
       }  
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    improve the code.
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    the source code.
    }  
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 #ifdef windows    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #else    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
 #endif  
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
    s++;    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */  
    l1= strlen( name);    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
    l2= strlen( s)+1;  
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  
 }    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
     Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   
 /******************************************/    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
     After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
 {  
   int i;    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   int lg=20;    *** empty log message ***
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(t);    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
     (s[i] = t[i]);    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 }    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
     of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 {    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   int i,j=0;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
   i=0;    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   lg=strlen(s);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   }  
   return j;    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 }    just nforces
   
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
 {    Many tings
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Some dimensions resccaled
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;  
   }    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
     (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
   lg=strlen(t);    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
     (u[j] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
      u[p]='\0';    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   }  
 }    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
     (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 {    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
   exit(1);    computation.
 }    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 /*********************** vector *******************/    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
   double *v;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Version 0.98h
 }  
     Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Forecasting file added.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 }    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
     The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 /************************ivector *******************************/  
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
   int *v;    name. <head> headers where missing.
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
   return v-nl+NR_END;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 }    otherwise the weight is truncated).
     Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 /******************free ivector **************************/    1.
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Version 0.98g
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 }    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
     English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    1.
 {    Version 0.98g
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   int **m;    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
      * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   m += NR_END;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   m -= nrl;  
      Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
      (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
      computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
      Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
   return m;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 }    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    (Module): Version 0.98d
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  
       int **m;    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 {    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    (Module): Function pstamp added
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Version 0.98d
 }  
     Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
   double **m;    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   m += NR_END;    filename with strsep.
   m -= nrl;  
     Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    allocation too.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
     (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    can be a simple dot '.'.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 }  
     Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   double ***m;    To be fixed
   
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   m += NR_END;  
   m -= nrl;    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
     Some cleaning and links added in html output
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    *** empty log message ***
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  
      Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   }  
   return m;    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 }    Fix on curr_time
   
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
     New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 extern int ncom;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
      cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 double f1dim(double x)    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 {  
   int j;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   double f;  
   double *xt;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
      former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  
   return f;    Current limitations:
 }    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
     model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 /*****************brent *************************/    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  
 {    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   int iter;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   double a,b,d,etemp;    suppressed.
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   double e=0.0;    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
    
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    * imach.c (Repository):
   x=w=v=bx;    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    Just cleaning
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    (Module): Version 0.96b
 #endif  
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
       *xmin=x;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
       return fx;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     }  
     ftemp=fu;    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
       q=2.0*(q-r);    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  
       q=fabs(q);    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
       etemp=e;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
       e=d;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    of the covariance matrix to be input.
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
       else {    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
         d=p/q;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
         u=x+d;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    of the covariance matrix to be input.
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  
       }    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
     } else {    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
     }    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    Version 0.96
     fu=(*f)(u);  
     if (fu <= fx) {    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    routine fileappend.
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  
         } else {    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
             v=w;    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
             w=u;    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
             fv=fw;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
             fw=fu;    interview.
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
             v=u;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
             fv=fu;    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
           }    truncation)
         }    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   }  
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   *xmin=x;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   return fx;    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 }    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     parcimony.
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
             double (*func)(double))    *** empty log message ***
 {  
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   double fu;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
    
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  */
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /*
   if (*fb > *fa) {     Interpolated Markov Chain
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    Short summary of the programme:
       }    
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   while (*fb > *fc) {    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
       fu=(*func)(u);    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
       fu=(*func)(u);    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
       if (fu < *fc) {    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
           }    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
       u=ulim;    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
       fu=(*func)(u);    convergence.
     } else {  
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
       fu=(*func)(u);    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
     }    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
       }  
 }    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
     conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 /*************** linmin ************************/    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
     states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 int ncom;    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 double *pcom,*xicom;    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
      hPijx.
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  
 {    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    
   double f1dim(double x);    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   int j;    from the European Union.
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   double fx,fb,fa;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
      can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   ncom=n;  
   pcom=vector(1,n);    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   xicom=vector(1,n);    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   nrfunc=func;    
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    **********************************************************************/
     pcom[j]=p[j];  /*
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    main
   }    read parameterfile
   ax=0.0;    read datafile
   xx=1.0;    concatwav
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    freqsummary
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    if (mle >= 1)
 #ifdef DEBUG      mlikeli
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    print results files
 #endif    if mle==1 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {       computes hessian
     xi[j] *= xmin;    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
     p[j] += xi[j];        begin-prev-date,...
   }    open gnuplot file
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    open html file
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
 }     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
                                     | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
 /*************** powell ************************/      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  
             double (*func)(double []))    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
 {     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
               double (*func)(double []));         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
   int i,ibig,j;  
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
   double fp,fptt;         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
   double *xits;    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
   pt=vector(1,n);     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
   ptt=vector(1,n);     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   xit=vector(1,n);  
   xits=vector(1,n);    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   *fret=(*func)(p);    health expectancies
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    Variance-covariance of DFLE
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    prevalence()
     fp=(*fret);     movingaverage()
     ibig=0;    varevsij() 
     del=0.0;    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    total life expectancies
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);   end
     printf("\n");  */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
       fptt=(*fret);  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
 #ifdef DEBUG  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  
 #endif  #include <math.h>
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  #include <stdio.h>
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #include <stdlib.h>
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  #include <string.h>
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  
         ibig=i;  #ifdef _WIN32
       }  #include <io.h>
 #ifdef DEBUG  #include <windows.h>
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #include <tchar.h>
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #else
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  #include <unistd.h>
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #endif
       }  
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  #include <limits.h>
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #include <sys/types.h>
       printf("\n");  
 #endif  #if defined(__GNUC__)
     }  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  #endif
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       int k[2],l;  #include <sys/stat.h>
       k[0]=1;  #include <errno.h>
       k[1]=-1;  /* extern int errno; */
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  /* #ifdef LINUX */
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  /* #include <time.h> */
       printf("\n");  /* #include "timeval.h" */
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  /* #else */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  /* #endif */
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  
         }  #include <time.h>
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
       }  #ifdef GSL
 #endif  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
   #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
   #endif
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  #ifdef NLOPT
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  #include <nlopt.h>
       return;  typedef struct {
     }    double (* function)(double [] );
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  } myfunc_data ;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #endif
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  /* #include <libintl.h> */
       pt[j]=p[j];  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
     }  
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
     if (fptt < fp) {  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
       if (t < 0.0) {  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
         }  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  #define NINTERVMAX 8
         printf("\n");  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
 #endif  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
       }  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
     }  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
   }  #define MAXN 20000
 }  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
   #define AGESUP 130
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  #define AGEBASE 40
   #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  #ifdef _WIN32
 {  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   #else
   int i, ii,j,k;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   double **matprod2();  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  #endif
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  /* $Id$ */
   /* $State$ */
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  char version[]="Imach version 0.98q1, April 2015,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015";
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
     }  char strstart[80];
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
    cov[1]=1.;  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
    int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
     newm=savm;  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
      cov[2]=agefin;  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
    int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  int npar=NPARMAX;
       }  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  int popbased=0;
   
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
     savm=oldm;                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
     oldm=newm;  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
     maxmax=0.;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
       min=1.;  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
       max=0.;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
         sumnew=0;  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  double **matprod2(); /* test */
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
       }  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
       maxmin=max-min;  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
     }  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
       return prlim;  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
     }  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
 }  FILE *ficresilk;
   FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  FILE *ficreseij;
 {  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double s1, s2;  FILE *ficresstdeij;
   /*double t34;*/  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  FILE *ficrescveij;
   char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  FILE  *ficresvij;
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  FILE  *ficresvpl;
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  char title[MAXLINE];
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
       ps[i][j]=s2;  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  int  outcmd=0;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
       }  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
       ps[i][j]=s2;  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
      s1=0;  /* struct timezone tzp; */
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  extern time_t time();
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  struct tm tm;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   } /* end i */  
   char *endptr;
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  long lval;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  double dval;
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  #define NR_END 1
     }  #define FREE_ARG char*
   }  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   
   #define NRANSI 
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  #define ITMAX 200 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
    }  
     printf("\n ");  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
     }  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 /*  
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  #define GOLD 1.618034 
   goto end;*/  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
     return ps;  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 }  
   static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)    
 {  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
   long i, j, k;  /* static double dsqrarg; */
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  static double sqrarg;
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   return out;  
 }  int imx; 
   int stepm=1;
   /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  
   int estepm;
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
 {  
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  int m,nb;
      duration (i.e. until  long *num;
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  double **pmmij, ***probs;
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
      included manually here.  double dateintmean=0;
   
      */  double *weight;
   int **s; /* Status */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  double *agedc;
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
   double **newm;                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
                     * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  double  idx; 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     }  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
       newm=savm;  
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  /**************** split *************************/
       cov[1]=1.;  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  {
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    */ 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
   
     l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       savm=oldm;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       oldm=newm;        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     }      /* get current working directory */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  #ifdef WIN32
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];      if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  #else
          */          if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
       }  #endif
   } /* end h */        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
   return po;      }
 }      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
     } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
 double func( double *x)      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
 {      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
   double **out;      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    }
   long ipmx;    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
   /*extern weight */    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
   */    }
   cov[1]=1.;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
     if (ss >0){
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;      ss++;
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];      l1= strlen( name);
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    }
         newm=savm;  
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  }
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  
         }  
          /******************************************/
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
         savm=oldm;  {
         oldm=newm;    int i;
            int lg=0;
            i=0;
       } /* end mult */    lg=strlen(t);
          for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);      (s[i] = t[i]);
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       ipmx +=1;    }
       sw += weight[i];  }
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  
     } /* end of wave */  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
   } /* end of individual */  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     char *s;
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    s=out;
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    while (*in != '\0'){
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
   return -l;        in++;
 }      }
       *out++ = *in++;
     }
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    *out='\0';
     return s;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  }
 {  
   int i,j, iter;  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   double **xi,*delti;  {
   double fret;    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    */
   printf("Powell\n");    char *s, *t;
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);    t=in;s=in;
     while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));      *alocc++ = *in++;
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    }
     if( *in == occ){
 }      *(alocc)='\0';
       s=++in;
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    }
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))   
 {    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
   double **hess;      in=s;
   int i, j,jk;    }
   int *indx;    while ( *in != '\0'){
       *blocc++ = *in++;
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    }
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    *blocc='\0';
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    return t;
   }
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   {
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    */
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    char *s, *t;
   }    t=in;s=in;
      while (*in != '\0'){
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      while( *in == occ){
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {        *blocc++ = *in++;
       if (j>i) {        s=in;
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);      }
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);      *blocc++ = *in++;
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        }
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
       }      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
     }    else
   }      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
   printf("\n");    in=s;
     while ( *in != '\0'){
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");      *alocc++ = *in++;
      }
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    *alocc='\0';
   x=vector(1,npar);    return s;
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  {
     int i,j=0;
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    int lg=20;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    i=0;
     x[j]=1;    lg=strlen(s);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    }
     }    return j;
   }  }
   
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  /* { */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
     }  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
     printf("\n");  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   }  /*   i=0; */
   /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   /* Recompute Inverse */  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  /*   } */
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
   /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
   /*   } */
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  
     x[j]=1;  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  /*   } */
       y[i][j]=x[i];  /* } */
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  
     }  #ifdef _WIN32
     printf("\n");  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
   }  {
   */    char *p, *q;
            
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);      return 0;
   free_vector(x,1,npar);    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    {
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);      *pp = q + 1;
       *q = '\0';
     }
 }    else
       *pp = 0;
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    return p;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  }
 {  #endif
   int i;  
   int l=1, lmax=20;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   double k1,k2;  
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   double res;  {
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
   double fx;    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
   int k=0,kmax=10;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   double l1;  }
   /*********************** vector *******************/
   fx=func(x);  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  {
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    double *v;
     l1=pow(10,l);    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     delts=delt;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    return v-nl+NR_END;
       delt = delta*(l1*k);  }
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  /************************ free vector ******************/
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  {
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  }
        
 #ifdef DEBUG  /************************ivector *******************************/
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
 #endif  {
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */    int *v;
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
         k=kmax;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       }    return v-nl+NR_END;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  }
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  
       }  /******************free ivector **************************/
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
         delts=delt;  {
       }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     }  }
   }  
   delti[theta]=delts;  /************************lvector *******************************/
   return res;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
    {
 }    long *v;
     v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
 {    return v-nl+NR_END;
   int i;  }
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;  
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  /******************free lvector **************************/
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
   int k;  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   fx=func(x);  }
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  { 
      long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    int **m; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
      m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    m += NR_END; 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    m -= nrl; 
      
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
 #ifdef DEBUG    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
 #endif    
   }    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   return res;    
 }    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
     return m; 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  } 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  
 {  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   int i,imax,j,k;  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
   double big,dum,sum,temp;        int **m;
   double *vv;        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
         /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   vv=vector(1,n);  { 
   *d=1.0;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
     big=0.0;  } 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  {
   }    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double **m;
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  
       sum=a[i][j];    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       a[i][j]=sum;    m += NR_END;
     }    m -= nrl;
     big=0.0;  
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       sum=a[i][j];    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       a[i][j]=sum;  
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         big=dum;    return m;
         imax=i;    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
       }  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
     }  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
     if (j != imax) {     */
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  }
         dum=a[imax][k];  
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];  /*************************free matrix ************************/
         a[j][k]=dum;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
       }  {
       *d = -(*d);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       vv[imax]=vv[j];    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     }  }
     indx[j]=imax;  
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     if (j != n) {  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);  {
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     }    double ***m;
   }  
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 ;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
 }    m += NR_END;
     m -= nrl;
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  
 {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   double sum;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
      m[nrl] -= ncl;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
     ip=indx[i];    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     sum=b[ip];  
     b[ip]=b[i];    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (ii)    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     else if (sum) ii=i;    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
     b[i]=sum;    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   }      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {    
     sum=b[i];    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   }        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
 }    }
     return m; 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
 {  /* Some frequencies */    */
    }
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   double *pp;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  {
   FILE *ficresp;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
      free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  }
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  {
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     exit(0);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   }    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   j1=0;    return tmpout;
    }
   j=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
    char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  {
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    
       j1++;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
         scanf("%d", i);*/    strcat(tmpout,"/");
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      strcat(tmpout,preop);
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      strcat(tmpout,fileres);
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    return tmpout;
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;  }
        
       dateintsum=0;  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
       k2cpt=0;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  {
         bool=1;    
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    strcat(tmpout,"/");
               bool=0;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
         }    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
         if (bool==1) {    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){    return tmpout;
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);  }
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  {
               if (m<lastpass) {    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
               }    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
                  sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
                 k2cpt++;    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
               }    return ascdiff;
             }  }
           }  
         }  /***************** f1dim *************************/
       }  extern int ncom; 
          extern double *pcom,*xicom;
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
    
       if  (cptcovn>0) {  double f1dim(double x) 
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");  { 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    int j; 
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");    double f;
       }    double *xt; 
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
          f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)    return f; 
           printf("Total");  } 
         else  
           printf("Age %d", i);  /*****************brent *************************/
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  { 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    int iter; 
         }    double a,b,d,etemp;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    double ftemp=0.;
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)    double e=0.0; 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);   
           else    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
         }    x=w=v=bx; 
     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
         }      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
           pos += pp[jk];  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
           if(pos>=1.e-5)      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
           else  #endif
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
           if( i <= (int) agemax){        *xmin=x; 
             if(pos>=1.e-5){        return fx; 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);      } 
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;      ftemp=fu;
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
             }        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
             else        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
           }        q=2.0*(q-r); 
         }        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
                q=fabs(q); 
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        etemp=e; 
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        e=d; 
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
         if(i <= (int) agemax)          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");        else { 
         printf("\n");          d=p/q; 
       }          u=x+d; 
     }          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
   }            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;        } 
        } else { 
   fclose(ficresp);        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      } 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
        fu=(*f)(u); 
   /* End of Freq */      if (fu <= fx) { 
 }        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
         SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)      } else { 
 {  /* Some frequencies */        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
          if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          v=w; 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */          w=u; 
   double *pp;          fv=fw; 
   double pos, k2;          fw=fu; 
         } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);          v=u; 
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          fv=fu; 
          } 
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);      } 
   j1=0;    } 
      nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   j=cptcoveff;    *xmin=x; 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    return fx; 
    } 
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
       j1++;  
    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)                double (*func)(double)) 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;  new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
        values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {     */
         bool=1;    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    double fu; 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)   
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
               bool=0;    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
         }    if (*fb > *fa) { 
         if (bool==1) {      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);    } 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  #ifdef DEBUG
               if (m<lastpass) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];    printf("mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
               /* freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3+1)] += weight[i];  */    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
             }  #endif
           }    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc */
         }      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       }      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
           }        fu=(*func)(u); 
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  #ifdef DEBUG
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];        double A, fparabu; 
         }        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
                fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
          }        /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
                    (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
   #endif 
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
            if( i <= (int) agemax){  #else
              if(pos>=1.e-5){        if (fu > *fc) {
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  #ifdef DEBUG
              }        printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n");
            }        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n");
          }  #endif
                    /* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\/  */
         }          /* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\/ */
     }          dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
   }          u = *cx;
            *cx = dum;
            dum = fu;
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);          fu = *fc;
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);          *fc =dum;
          } else { /* end */
 }  /* End of Freq */  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n");
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n");
   #endif
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)          dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
 {          u = *cx;
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          *cx = dum;
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).          dum = fu;
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i          fu = *fc;
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]          *fc =dum;
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        }
      */  #endif
       } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
   int i, mi, m;  #ifdef DEBUG
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim\n");
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim\n");
   #endif
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;        fu=(*func)(u); 
   double sum=0.;        if (fu < *fc) { 
   jmin=1e+5;  #ifdef DEBUG
   jmax=-1;        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim AND fu < fc\n");
   jmean=0.;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim AND fu <fc \n");
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  #endif
     mi=0;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
     m=firstpass;          SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){        } 
       if(s[m][i]>=1)      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  #ifdef DEBUG
       if(m >=lastpass)        printf("mnbrak2  u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
         break;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
       else  #endif
         m++;        u=ulim; 
     }/* end while */        fu=(*func)(u); 
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */  #ifdef DEBUG
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */        printf("mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
          /* Only death is a correct wave */        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
       mw[mi][i]=m;  #endif
     }        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
         fu=(*func)(u); 
     wav[i]=mi;      } /* end tests */
     if(mi==0)      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf("mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){  #endif
       if (stepm <=0)    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
         dh[mi][i]=1;  } 
       else{  
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {  /*************** linmin ************************/
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {  /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
           k=k+1;  the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;  int ncom; 
           sum=sum+j;  double *pcom,*xicom;
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
           }   
         }  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
         else{  { 
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
           k=k+1;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    double f1dim(double x); 
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
           sum=sum+j;    int j; 
         }    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
         jk= j/stepm;    double fx,fb,fa;
         jl= j -jk*stepm;   
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;    ncom=n; 
         if(jl <= -ju)    pcom=vector(1,n); 
           dh[mi][i]=jk;    xicom=vector(1,n); 
         else    nrfunc=func; 
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
       }    } 
     }    ax=0.0; 
   }    xx=1.0; 
   jmean=sum/k;    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom */
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Find a minimum P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
  }  #ifdef DEBUG
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
 {  #endif
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   int cptcode=0;      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   cptcoveff=0;      p[j] += xi[j]; 
      } 
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   } 
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {  
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);  /*************** powell ************************/
       Ndum[ij]++;  /*
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/  Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
     }  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
   such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
     }   */
     ij=1;  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
               double (*func)(double [])) 
   { 
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {                double (*func)(double [])); 
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {    int i,ibig,j; 
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
           /*     printf("nbcodeaaaaaaaaaaa=%d Tvar[j]=%d ij=%d j=%d",nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij],Tvar[j],ij,j);*/    double directest;
           ij++;    double fp,fptt;
         }    double *xits;
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;    int niterf, itmp;
       }    
     }    pt=vector(1,n); 
   }      ptt=vector(1,n); 
     xit=vector(1,n); 
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    xits=vector(1,n); 
     *fret=(*func)(p); 
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
       ij=Tvar[i];      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
       Ndum[ij]++;    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
     }      fp=(*fret); 
       ibig=0; 
  ij=1;      del=0.0; 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
      ij++;      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
    }      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
  }      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
    /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
     cptcoveff=ij-1;     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
 }        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
         fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
       }
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)      printf("\n");
 {      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   /* Health expectancies */      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k;      if(*iter <=3){
   double age, agelim, hf;        tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   double ***p3mat;        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
          rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
           rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   k=1;             /* For example stepm=6 months */          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
   hstepm=k*YEARM; /* (a) Every k years of age (in months), for example every k=2 years 24 m */          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
   hstepm=stepm;   /* or (b) We decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */          itmp = strlen(strfor);
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
      and note for a fixed period like k years */        }
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the      }
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same        fptt=(*fret); 
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.  #ifdef DEBUG
   */            printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if k= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */            fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
   #endif
   agelim=AGESUP;        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* xit[n] has been loaded for direction i */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */                                         because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/                                        in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction.
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */                                        Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                                        with the new direction.
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored                                        */
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);            ibig=i; 
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        } 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
         }          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age]);          printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
       }          fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        printf("\n");
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 }  #endif
       } /* end i */
 /************ Variance ******************/      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  #ifdef DEBUG
 {        int k[2],l;
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        k[0]=1;
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        k[1]=-1;
   double **newm;        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, kk;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   int k, cptcode;          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
   double *xp;          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
   double **gp, **gm;        }
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        printf("\n");
   double ***p3mat;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double age,agelim, hf;        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   int theta;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
             ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        }
   #endif
   xp=vector(1,npar);  
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
          free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   kk=1;             /* For example stepm=6 months */        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
   hstepm=kk*YEARM; /* (a) Every k years of age (in months), for example every k=2 years 24 m */        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
   hstepm=stepm;   /* or (b) We decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */        return; 
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.      } 
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
      and note for a fixed period like k years */        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the        pt[j]=p[j]; 
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it      } 
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.        /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
   */        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if k= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
   agelim = AGESUP;        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del */
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  #else
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
         t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  #endif
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If del was big enough we change it for a new direction */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  #ifdef DEBUG
       }        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
                (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
       if (popbased==1) {        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
       }        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
    #endif
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  #else
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
         }        printf("directest= %.12lf, t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
       }        printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
            fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf, t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      } 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  #endif
            linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction.*/
       if (popbased==1) {          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
       }          }
           printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
         }          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
       }          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
             printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          }
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          printf("\n");
         }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     } /* End theta */  #endif
         } /* end of t negative */
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
     } 
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)  } 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  
   double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */  {
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    
     int i, ii,j,k;
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);    double **newm;
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     }        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );    
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    cov[1]=1.;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       }    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      newm=savm;
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      cov[2]=agefin;
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   } /* End age */        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
        }
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]*cov[2];
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
 }      
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
 {      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
   double **newm;      
   double **dnewm,**doldm;      savm=oldm;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;      oldm=newm;
   int k, cptcode;      maxmax=0.;
   double *xp;      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   double *gp, *gm;        min=1.;
   double **gradg, **trgradg;        max=0.;
   double age,agelim;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
   int theta;          sumnew=0;
              for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");        }
         maxmin=max-min;
   xp=vector(1,npar);        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      } /* j loop */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
          return prlim;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    } /* age loop */
   agelim = AGESUP;    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  {
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
        computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
       }       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
           sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double s1, lnpijopii;
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    /*double t34;*/
     int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     } /* End theta */        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
           for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
             lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          }
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        }
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
           }
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        }
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));      }
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);        s1=0;
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   } /* End age */          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
         }
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
         }
 }        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
         ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/        /* Computing other pijs */
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
 {          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   int i, j;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   int k=0, cptcode;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   double *xp;      } /* end i */
   double *gp, *gm;      
   double **gradg, **trgradg;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   int theta;          ps[ii][jj]=0;
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];          ps[ii][ii]=1;
         }
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");      }
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);      
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {      
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   }      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
        /*   } */
       /*   printf("\n "); */
   xp=vector(1,npar);      /* } */
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      /*
          for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   cov[1]=1;        goto end;*/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){      return ps;
     cov[2]=age;  }
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);  
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
      {
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
             before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
        int i, j, k;
       k=0;    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        out[i][k]=0.;
            k=k+1;        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
         }      }
       }    return out;
   }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  
      /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
       k=0;  {
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
           k=k+1;       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
         }       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
       }       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
             for the memory).
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];         included manually here. 
     }  
        */
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)  
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    int i, j, d, h, k;
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
      double **newm;
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      k=0;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){      }
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
          k=k+1;    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
         }        newm=savm;
      }        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
              cov[1]=1.;
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
                  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
      }*/          cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtab[ij][Tvar[Tage[k]]]]*cov[2];
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   }        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
                      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        savm=oldm;
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        oldm=newm;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      }
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
 }        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
 fclose(ficresprob);          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
         }
 }      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
     } /* end h */
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \    return po;
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\  }
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \  
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\  #ifdef NLOPT
  char version[], int popforecast ){    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;    double fret;
   FILE *fichtm;    double *xt;
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/    int j;
     myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);  /* xt = (p1-1); */
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");    xt=vector(1,n); 
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);  
   }    fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
     /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">Imach, Version %s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
 \n    printf("\n");
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n   free_vector(xt,1,n);
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n    return fret;
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  }
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n  #endif
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n  
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n  double func( double *x)
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n  {
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n    int s1, s2;
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n    double bbh, survp;
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    long ipmx;
     /*extern weight */
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
  else    */
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);  
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");    ++countcallfunc;
   
  m=cptcoveff;    cov[1]=1.;
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
     for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
  jj1=0;  
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){    if(mle==1){
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
        jj1++;        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
        if (cptcovn > 0) {           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);         */
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
        }          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>        }
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);            /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>           has been calculated etc */
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
        }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);              }
      }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {            newm=savm;
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
      }              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and            }
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");            savm=oldm;
    }            oldm=newm;
    }          } /* end mult */
 fclose(fichtm);        
 }          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
           /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
            * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
            * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
   }           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
            */
 #ifdef windows          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 #endif          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
             * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
  /* 1eme*/           */
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
 #ifdef windows               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
 #endif               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
 #ifdef unix               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
 #endif          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
           health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
 }          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
 }          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
 }            lower mortality.
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));            */
 #ifdef unix          /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");             cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
 #endif             constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);             0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
    }             s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
   }             wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
   /*2 eme*/             precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
              wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {             is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);             it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
                 infinity.
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {          */
       k=2*i;  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  /* #else */
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
 }    /*        else */
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  /* #endif */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          } else if  (s2==-2) {
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
 }                survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            lli= log(survp);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          }
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          else if  (s2==-4) { 
 }              for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            lli= log(survp); 
     }          } 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);  
   }          else if  (s2==-5) { 
              for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
   /*3eme*/              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
             lli= log(survp); 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          } 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);          else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);          } 
       }          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
     }          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
     }          ipmx +=1;
            sw += weight[i];
   /* CV preval stat */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {          /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
       k=3;          /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          /* } */
         } /* end of wave */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)      } /* end of individual */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    }  else if(mle==2){
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
              for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }            }
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);            for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            newm=savm;
     }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   }              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   /* proba elementaires */            }
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       if (k != i) {            savm=oldm;
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){            oldm=newm;
                  } /* end mult */
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);        
           jk++;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         }          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
     }          ipmx +=1;
     }          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {        } /* end of wave */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);      } /* end of individual */
    i=1;    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
      k3=i;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
        if (k != k2){          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 ij=1;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {            }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             ij++;            newm=savm;
           }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           else            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         }            }
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                                 1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){              savm=oldm;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);            oldm=newm;
 ij=1;          } /* end mult */
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
             ij++;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           else          ipmx +=1;
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);          sw += weight[i];
           }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           fprintf(ficgp,")");        } /* end of wave */
         }      } /* end of individual */
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         i=i+ncovmodel;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
        }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
      }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
    }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
    }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                }
   fclose(ficgp);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
 }  /* end gnuplot */            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 /*************** Moving average **************/              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){            }
           
   int i, cpt, cptcod;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            savm=oldm;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)            oldm=newm;
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;          } /* end mult */
            
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];          }else{
           }            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;          }
         }          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
     }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
 }        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   int *popage;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double ***p3mat;            }
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
  agelim=AGESUP;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);            }
            
              out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);            savm=oldm;
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {            oldm=newm;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);          } /* end mult */
   }        
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           ipmx +=1;
   if (mobilav==1) {          sw += weight[i];
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   }        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    } /* End of if */
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
      /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   agelim=AGESUP;    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
      return -l;
   hstepm=1;  }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   anprojmean=yp;  double funcone( double *x)
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);  {
   mprojmean=yp;    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   jprojmean=yp;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;    double **out;
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
      double llt;
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);    int s1, s2;
      double bbh, survp;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){    /*extern weight */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
       k=k+1;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    */
       }    cov[1]=1.;
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");  
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  
          for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
            for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);          }
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
                    newm=savm;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
                  }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             }          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;          savm=oldm;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                        oldm=newm;
                 if (mobilav==1)        } /* end mult */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];        
                 else {        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
                 }        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
                        /* bias is positive if real duration
               }         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){         */
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
                                  lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
               }        } else if  (s2==-2) {
             }          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
           }            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          lli= log(survp);
         }        }else if (mle==1){
       }          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     }        } else if(mle==2){
   }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
                } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   fclose(ficresf);          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
 }        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
 /************** Forecasting ******************/          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
          } /* End of if */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;        ipmx +=1;
   int *popage;        sw += weight[i];
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;        if(globpr){
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
    %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   agelim=AGESUP;          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
              fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);          }
            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
          }
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");      } /* end of wave */
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    } /* end of individual */
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   }    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
       gipmx=ipmx;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;      gsw=sw;
     }
   if (mobilav==1) {    return -l;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  }
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);  
   }  
   /*************** function likelione ***********/
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;  {
      /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
   agelim=AGESUP;       the selection of individuals/waves and
         to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
   hstepm=1;       Plotting could be done.
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;     */
      int k;
   if (popforecast==1) {  
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
     }      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
          }
     i=1;        fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
          /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     imx=i;      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
   }      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){  
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
       k=k+1;    if(*globpri !=0){
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");      fclose(ficresilk);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fflush(fichtm); 
       }    } 
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");    return;
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");  }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);  
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");  
        /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {  
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);    void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
          {
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    int i,j, iter=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    double **xi;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    double fret;
              double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    #ifdef NLOPT
            int creturn;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    nlopt_opt opt;
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    double *lb;
             }    double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;    myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                #endif
                 if (mobilav==1)  
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];  
                 else {    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
                 }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
               }        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
               }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
             }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    }
               kk1=0.;    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 }        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
             }  #ifdef POWELL
     powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  #endif
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);  
           }  #ifdef NLOPT
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  #ifdef NEWUOA
         }    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
       }  #else
      opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
   /******/  #endif
     lb=vector(0,npar-1);
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {    for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
              d->function = func;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {      printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    }
             }    else {
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;      printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                    iter=1; /* not equal */
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];        }
               }    nlopt_destroy(opt);
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);  #endif
             }    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
           }    fclose(ficrespow);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    printf("#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
         }    fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
       }    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
    }  
   }  }
    
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   if (popforecast==1) {  {
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);    double **hess;
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);    int i, j;
   }    int *indx;
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   fclose(ficrespop);    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
 }    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
 /***********************************************/    double gompertz(double p[]);
 /**************** Main Program *****************/    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
 /***********************************************/  
     printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
 {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;     
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       
   double fret;      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
   double **xi,tmp,delta;          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     }
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */    
   double ***p3mat;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
   int *indx;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];        if (j>i) { 
   char title[MAXLINE];          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
            
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];        }
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];      }
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];    }
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];    printf("\n");
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */  
   int c,  h , cpt,l;    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   int ju,jl, mi;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;    
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   int hstepm, nhstepm;    x=vector(1,npar);
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1;    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
   double ftolpl=FTOL;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   double **prlim;  
   double *severity;    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
   double  *p;      x[j]=1;
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   double *delti; /* Scale */        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
   double ***eij, ***vareij;      }
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    }
   double *epj, vepp;  
   double kk1, kk2;    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a, March 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
       }
       printf("\n");
   char z[1]="c", occ;      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 #include <sys/time.h>    }
 #include <time.h>  
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];    /* Recompute Inverse */
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   /* long total_usecs;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
    
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   printf("\n%s",version);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
   if(argc <=1){      x[j]=1;
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
     scanf("%s",pathtot);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   }        y[i][j]=x[i];
   else{        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   }      }
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/      printf("\n");
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    }
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    */
   
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
   chdir(path);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
   replace(pathc,path);    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/  
   
   strcpy(fileres,"r");  }
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);  
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   /*---------arguments file --------*/  {
     int i;
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    int l=1, lmax=20;
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);    double k1,k2;
     goto end;    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
   }    double res;
     double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
   strcpy(filereso,"o");    double fx;
   strcat(filereso,fileres);    int k=0,kmax=10;
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {    double l1;
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;  
   }    fx=func(x);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      l1=pow(10,l);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      delts=delt;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     puts(line);        delt = delta*(l1*k);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
   }        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         k2=func(p2)-fx;
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
     puts(line);  #endif
     fputs(line,ficparo);        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
   }        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          k=kmax;
          }
            else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);          k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
   cptcovn=0;        }
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           delts=delt;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        }
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */      }
      }
   /* Read guess parameters */    delti[theta]=delts;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    return res; 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
     fputs(line,ficparo);  {
   }    int i;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    int l=1, lmax=20;
      double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)    int k;
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){  
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    fx=func(x);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);      k1=func(p2)-fx;
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);    
       }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       printf("\n");      k2=func(p2)-fx;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    
     }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;      k3=func(p2)-fx;
     
   p=param[1][1];      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      k4=func(p2)-fx;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  #ifdef DEBUG
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     puts(line);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     fputs(line,ficparo);  #endif
   }    }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    return res;
   }
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);  
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){  { 
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    int i,imax,j,k; 
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    double *vv; 
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){   
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);    vv=vector(1,n); 
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    *d=1.0; 
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       }      big=0.0; 
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
       printf("\n");        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
     }      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
   }    } 
   delti=delti3[1][1];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
        for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        sum=a[i][j]; 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        a[i][j]=sum; 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      } 
     puts(line);      big=0.0; 
     fputs(line,ficparo);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   }        sum=a[i][j]; 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
            sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        a[i][j]=sum; 
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);          big=dum; 
     printf("%s",str);          imax=i; 
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);        } 
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){      } 
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      if (j != imax) { 
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          dum=a[imax][k]; 
     }          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          a[j][k]=dum; 
     printf("\n");        } 
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        *d = -(*d); 
   }        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)      } 
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)      indx[j]=imax; 
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
          if (j != n) { 
   printf("\n");        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/    } 
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/  ;
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */  } 
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */  
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;  { 
     }    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    double sum; 
       
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      ip=indx[i]; 
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      sum=b[ip]; 
     }      b[ip]=b[i]; 
       if (ii) 
     n= lastobs;        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      else if (sum) ii=i; 
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      b[i]=sum; 
     num=ivector(1,n);    } 
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
     annais=vector(1,n);      sum=b[i]; 
     moisdc=vector(1,n);      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
     andc=vector(1,n);      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     agedc=vector(1,n);    } 
     cod=ivector(1,n);  } 
     weight=vector(1,n);  
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);  {
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);  }
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);  /************ Frequencies ********************/
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
   {  /* Some frequencies */
     i=1;    
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {    int first;
            double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){    double *pp, **prop;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
           strcpy(line,stra);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
         }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
            strcpy(fileresp,"p");
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      exit(0);
     }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){    j1=0;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    
         }    j=cptcoveff;
         num[i]=atol(stra);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
          
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){    first=1;
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/  
     /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){ */  /* Loop on covariates */
         i=i+1;    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */ /* Now it is 2 */
       }    /*    j1++; */
     }    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
        scanf("%d",i);*/          scanf("%d", i);*/
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;        
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
     }*/          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
              prop[i][m]=0;
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){        
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;        dateintsum=0;
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}        k2cpt=0;
   */        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
            bool=1;
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);                bool=0;
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                      /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                      bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
   if (strlen(model) >1){                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
     j=nbocc(model,'+');              } 
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');          }
     cptcovn=j+1;   
     cptcovprod=j1;          if (bool==1){
                for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
     strcpy(modelsav,model);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
       goto end;                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     }                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                    if (m<lastpass) {
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);                }
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/                
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');                  k2cpt++;
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {                }
           cptcovprod--;                /*}*/
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');            }
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          }
           cptcovage++;        } /* end i */
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;         
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         }        pstamp(ficresp);
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           cptcovprod--;          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
           cptcovage++;          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         }          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
         else {        }
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
           Tprod[k1]=i;        
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);          if(i==iagemax+3){
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];          }else{
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)            if(first==1){
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];              first=0;
           k1++;              printf("See log file for details...\n");
           k2=k2+2;            }
         }            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
       }          }
       else {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');          }
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       }            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);                pos += freq[jk][m][i];
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
         scanf("%d",i);*/              if(first==1){
     }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
 }              }
                fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);            }else{
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);              if(first==1)
   scanf("%d ",i);*/                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     fclose(fic);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
     /*  if(mle==1){*/          }
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/  
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     }            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);          }       
           for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {            pos += pp[jk];
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {            posprop += prop[jk][i];
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){          }
          anint[m][i]=9999;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
          s[m][i]=-1;            if(pos>=1.e-5){
        }              if(first==1)
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
       }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     }            }else{
               if(first==1)
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){            }
         if(s[m][i] >0){            if( i <= iagemax){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {              if(pos>=1.e-5){
             if(agedc[i]>0)                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/              }
            else {              else
               if (andc[i]!=9999){                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);            }
               agev[m][i]=-1;          }
               }          
             }          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
           }            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);              if(first==1)
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
               agev[m][i]=1;                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){              }
               agemin=agev[m][i];          if(i <= iagemax)
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
             }          if(first==1)
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){            printf("Others in log...\n");
               agemax=agev[m][i];          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/        }
             }        /*}*/
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/    }
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
           }   
           else { /* =9 */    fclose(ficresp);
             agev[m][i]=1;    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
             s[m][i]=-1;    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
           }    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
         }    /* End of Freq */
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  }
           agev[m][i]=1;  
       }  /************ Prevalence ********************/
      void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
     }  {  
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");      */
           goto end;   
         }    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
       }  
     }    double **prop;
     double posprop; 
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     int iagemin, iagemax;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);  
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     free_vector(andc,1,n);    j1=0;
     
        /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    first=1;
        for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
     /* Concatenates waves */      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);        j1++;*/
         
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
       ncodemax[1]=1;       
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
                bool=1;
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
    h=0;            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
                  bool=0;
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){          } 
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){          if (bool==1) { 
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
            h++;              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
          }                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
        }                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
      }                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
    }                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */                } 
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){              }
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){            } /* end selection of waves */
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);          }
       }        }
       printf("\n");        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
       }          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
       scanf("%d",i);*/            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
              } 
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age          
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
             if( i <=  iagemax){ 
                  if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                    probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              } else{
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                if(first==1){
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                  first=0;
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */                }
                    }
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]            } 
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */          }/* end jk */ 
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */        }/* end i */ 
       /*} *//* end i1 */
     if(mle==1){    } /* end j1 */
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    
     }    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
        /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);  }  /* End of prevalence */
    
   /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
    jk=1;  
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");  {
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        if (k != i)       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
          {       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);       */
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    int i, mi, m;
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
              jk++;       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
            }    int first;
            printf("\n");    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    double sum=0.;
          }    first=0;
      }    jmin=100000;
    }    jmax=-1;
  if(mle==1){    jmean=0.;
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */      mi=0;
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);      m=firstpass;
  }      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");          mw[++mi][i]=m;
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        if(m >=lastpass)
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){          break;
         if (j!=i) {        else
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);          m++;
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      }/* end while */
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
             jk++;           /* Only death is a correct wave */
           }        mw[mi][i]=m;
           printf("\n");      }
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");  
         }      wav[i]=mi;
       }      if(mi==0){
      }        nbwarn++;
            if(first==0){
     k=1;          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");          first=1;
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");        }
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){        if(first==1){
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;        }
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      } /* end mi==0 */
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    } /* End individuals */
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);  
       printf("%3d",i);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);        if (stepm <=0)
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);          dh[mi][i]=1;
       }        else{
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
       printf("\n");            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
       k++;              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
     }              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
                  else if(j<0){
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                nberr++;
       ungetc(c,ficpar);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
       puts(line);                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       fputs(line,ficparo);                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     }                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              }
                k=k+1;
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage);              if (j >= jmax){
                    jmax=j;
     if (fage <= 2) {                ijmax=i;
       bage = ageminpar;              }
       fage = agemaxpar;              if (j <= jmin){
     }                jmin=j;
                    ijmin=i;
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");              }
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage);              sum=sum+j;
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage);              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
                /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          else{
     puts(line);            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
     fputs(line,ficparo);  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            k=k+1;
              if (j >= jmax) {
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);              jmax=j;
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);              ijmax=i;
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);            }
                  else if (j <= jmin){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              jmin=j;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              ijmin=i;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            }
     puts(line);            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
     fputs(line,ficparo);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
   }            if(j<0){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              nberr++;
                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;            }
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;            sum=sum+j;
           }
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);          jk= j/stepm;
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);            jl= j -jk*stepm;
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);            ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
            if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            if(jl==0){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              bh[mi][i]=0;
     puts(line);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
     fputs(line,ficparo);                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);          }else{
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);            if(jl <= -ju){
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                                   */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            else{
     puts(line);              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     fputs(line,ficparo);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   }            }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);            }
           } /* end if mle */
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        }
       } /* end wave */
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    }
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);    jmean=sum/k;
      printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
  chdir(path);   }
    
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    {
  free_ivector(num,1,n);    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/     * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
  fclose(ficparo);     * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
  fclose(ficres);     * nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
     */
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/  
     int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast);    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
      int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/  
    
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");    cptcoveff=0; 
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);   
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {    for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   }  
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
                                        * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          modmaxcovj=ij; 
   k=0;        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
   agebase=ageminpar;          modmincovj=ij; 
   agelim=agemaxpar;        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
   ftolpl=1.e-10;          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
   i1=cptcoveff;          exit(1);
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}        }else
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         k=k+1;        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      }
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
              /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        }
         }        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
       }           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
     }      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   fclose(ficrespl);  
       /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
           If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {         There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
   }         defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
       */
   agelim=AGESUP;      ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
            /*recode from 0 */
   k=0;          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality k in an array nbcode. 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
       k=k+1;                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");            ij++;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");        }  /* end of loop on */
              } /* end of loop on modality */ 
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);       /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     Ndum[ij]++; 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)   } 
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");   ij=1;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)       /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");       ij++;
           }     }else
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);         Tvaraff[ij]=0;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");   }
         }   ij--;
     }   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
   }  
   }
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/  
   
   fclose(ficrespij);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/  
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){  {
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double age, agelim, hf;
     free_vector(weight,1,n);}    double ***p3mat;
   else{    double eip;
     erreur=108;  
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);    pstamp(ficreseij);
   }    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
      fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");      }
   strcat(filerest,fileres);      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    }
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   }  
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    }
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
   }     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
   }     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);  
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   k=0;    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
       k=k+1;       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    */
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");  
     agelim=AGESUP;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    /* If stepm=6 months */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");      
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);  
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
        /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      
         if (popbased==1) {      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
         }      
              printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){      
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {      /* Computing expectancies */
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
         }            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)            
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];  
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.2f (%7.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));          }
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){  
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.2f (%7.2f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
         }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");        eip=0;
       }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     }          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
   }          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
   fclose(ficreseij);        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
   fclose(ficresvij);      }
   fclose(ficrest);      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   fclose(ficpar);      
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    }
      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/      printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");    
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);  }
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
     exit(0);  
   }  {
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
   k=0;    */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
       k=k+1;    double age, agelim, hf;
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    double **dnewm,**doldm;
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    double *xp, *xm;
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");    double **gp, **gm;
          double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    int theta;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    double eip, vip;
     }  
  }    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
   fclose(ficresvpl);    xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    
      pstamp(ficresstdeij);
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    }
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
    
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    pstamp(ficrescveij);
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   if(erreur >0)        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          }
   /*------ End -----------*/      }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
  end:    if(estepm < stepm){
 #ifdef windows      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/    }
 #endif    else  hstepm=estepm;   
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
  strcat(plotcmd," ");     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
  system(plotcmd);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
 #ifdef windows     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   while (z[0] != 'q') {  
     /* chdir(path); */    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     scanf("%s",z);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
 #endif       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
 }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
        
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   
        for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
   
        printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   
   /************ Variance ******************/
   void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
     /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
     
     int movingaverage();
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     int k;
     double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     double ***p3mat;
     double age,agelim, hf;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     }
     else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0, l;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtab[ij][Tvar[Tage[k]]]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } */ /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'vpl' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=1; j<= (nlstate-1) ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /* Bug valgrind */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    /* avoid: */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ == *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     * but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtab[ij][Tvar[Tage[k]]]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr = *nberr + 1;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo()
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM"); /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for ");fprintf(ficlog," for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("The program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              fprintf(ficlog, "The program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("The process is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              fprintf(ficlog,"The programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
    }
   
   int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     double ftolpl = 1.e-10;
     double age, agebase, agelim;
   
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
   
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
         //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           } /* Age */
           /* was end of cptcod */
       } /* cptcov */
           return 0;
   }
   
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
      /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
      /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
      /*   k=k+1;  */
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
           return 0;
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
   
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt;
     int jl;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize;
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]==' ') /* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo();
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n",title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
     /*
   
   
   
      */
     printf("\nftol=%e \n", ftol);
     printf("stepm=%d \n", stepm);
     printf("ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d \n", ncovcol, nlstate);
     printf("ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
     printf("model=%s\n",model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to 2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /* codtab[12][3]=1; */
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard maximisation */
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximisation */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    /* endfree:*/
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
      if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
      if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
      if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.35  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.186


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