Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.12 and 1.85

version 1.12, 2002/02/20 16:57:00 version 1.85, 2003/06/17 13:12:43
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    interview.
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    truncation)
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
     many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    parcimony.
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some    Version 0.95a2 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but  
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
   hPijx is the probability to be    *** empty log message ***
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age  
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices  */
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  /*
      Interpolated Markov Chain
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also  
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Short summary of the programme:
      
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   from the European Union.    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   **********************************************************************/    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
      model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
 #include <math.h>    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
 #include <stdio.h>    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
 #include <stdlib.h>    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
 #include <unistd.h>    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
     the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
 #define MAXLINE 256    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
 /*#define DEBUG*/    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
 #define windows    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    convergence.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 #define MAXN 20000    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 #define AGESUP 130    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 #define AGEBASE 40    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
     and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
     hPijx.
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
 int npar=NPARMAX;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the stable prevalence. 
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
     This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    from the European Union.
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
 int mle, weightopt;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    **********************************************************************/
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;  /*
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;    main
 FILE *ficreseij;    read parameterfile
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    read datafile
  FILE  *ficresvij;    concatwav
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    freqsummary
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    if (mle >= 1)
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];      mlikeli
     print results files
 #define NR_END 1    if mle==1 
 #define FREE_ARG char*       computes hessian
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
         begin-prev-date,...
 #define NRANSI    open gnuplot file
 #define ITMAX 200    open html file
     stable prevalence
 #define TOL 2.0e-4     for age prevalim()
     h Pij x
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    variance of p varprob
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    health expectancies
     Variance-covariance of DFLE
 #define GOLD 1.618034    prevalence()
 #define GLIMIT 100.0     movingaverage()
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    varevsij() 
     if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    total life expectancies
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Variance of stable prevalence
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))   end
    */
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))  
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
   
 static double sqrarg;   
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  #include <math.h>
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}  #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
 int imx;  #include <unistd.h>
 int stepm;  
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/  #define MAXLINE 256
   #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
 int m,nb;  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;  /*#define DEBUG*/
 double **pmmij;  /*#define windows*/
   #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 double *weight;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  #define NINTERVMAX 8
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
 /**************** split *************************/  #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )  #define MAXN 20000
 {  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  #define AGESUP 130
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  #define AGEBASE 40
   #ifdef unix
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */  #else
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
       extern char       *getwd( );  #endif
   
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  /* $Id$ */
 #else  /* $State$ */
       extern char       *getcwd( );  
   char version[]="Imach version 0.95a2, June 2003, INED-EUROREVES ";
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
 #endif  int erreur; /* Error number */
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );  int nvar;
       }  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  int npar=NPARMAX;
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  int popbased=0;
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */  
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */  int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
    }  int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  int mle, weightopt;
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
 }  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
              * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
 /******************************************/  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 {  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   int i;  int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   int lg=20;  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   i=0;  long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
   lg=strlen(t);  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
     (s[i] = t[i]);  FILE *ficresilk;
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   }  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
 }  FILE *fichtm; /* Html File */
   FILE *ficreseij;
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE  *ficresvij;
   int i,j=0;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int lg=20;  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   i=0;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   lg=strlen(s);  char title[MAXLINE];
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  
   return j;  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {  
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;  #define NR_END 1
   }  #define FREE_ARG char*
   #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  #define NRANSI 
     (u[j] = t[j]);  #define ITMAX 200 
   }  
      u[p]='\0';  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
   
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   }  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 }  
   #define GOLD 1.618034 
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   exit(1);    
 }  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
 /*********************** vector *******************/  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {  static double sqrarg;
   double *v;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;  int imx; 
 }  int stepm;
   /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
 /************************ free vector ******************/  
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  int estepm;
 {  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }  int m,nb;
   long *num;
 /************************ivector *******************************/  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
 {  double **pmmij, ***probs;
   int *v;  double dateintmean=0;
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  double *weight;
   return v-nl+NR_END;  int **s; /* Status */
 }  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
   int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
 {  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }  /**************** split *************************/
   static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  {
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   int **m;    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
      ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
   m += NR_END;      /* get current working directory */
   m -= nrl;      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
        if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */      }
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));      strcpy( name, path );               /* we've got it */
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
   m[nrl] += NR_END;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
   m[nrl] -= ncl;      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
        if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
        strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
   return m;    }
 }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
     /*#ifdef windows
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  #else
       int **m;    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  #endif
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    */
 {    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    ss++;
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    strcpy(ext,ss);                       /* save extension */
 }    l1= strlen( name);
     l2= strlen(ss)+1;
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    finame[l1-l2]= 0;
 {    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  }
   double **m;  
   
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  /******************************************/
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  void replace(char *s, char*t)
   m -= nrl;  {
     int i;
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    int lg=20;
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    i=0;
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    lg=strlen(t);
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       (s[i] = t[i]);
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   return m;    }
 }  }
   
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  {
 {    int i,j=0;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    int lg=20;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    i=0;
 }    lg=strlen(s);
     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    }
 {    return j;
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  }
   double ***m;  
   void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  {
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    /* cuts string t into u and v where u is ended by char occ excluding it
   m += NR_END;       and v is after occ excluding it too : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",2)
   m -= nrl;       gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
     int i,lg,j,p=0;
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    i=0;
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
   m[nrl] += NR_END;      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    }
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    lg=strlen(t);
     for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));      (u[j] = t[j]);
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    }
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;       u[p]='\0';
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
      }
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  }
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  /********************** nrerror ********************/
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  
   }  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   return m;  {
 }    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
     fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  }
 {  /*********************** vector *******************/
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  {
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    double *v;
 }    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    return v-nl+NR_END;
 extern int ncom;  }
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  /************************ free vector ******************/
    void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
 double f1dim(double x)  {
 {    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   int j;  }
   double f;  
   double *xt;  /************************ivector *******************************/
    int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  {
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    int *v;
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   return f;    return v-nl+NR_END;
 }  }
   
 /*****************brent *************************/  /******************free ivector **************************/
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
 {  {
   int iter;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   double a,b,d,etemp;  }
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;  /************************lvector *******************************/
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
   double e=0.0;  {
      long *v;
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   x=w=v=bx;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  }
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  /******************free lvector **************************/
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  {
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 #ifdef DEBUG  }
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
 #endif  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       *xmin=x;  { 
       return fx;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
     }    int **m; 
     ftemp=fu;    
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    m += NR_END; 
       q=2.0*(q-r);    m -= nrl; 
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    
       q=fabs(q);    
       etemp=e;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
       e=d;    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
       else {    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
         d=p/q;    
         u=x+d;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
       }    return m; 
     } else {  } 
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
     }  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
     fu=(*f)(u);        int **m;
     if (fu <= fx) {        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  { 
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
         } else {    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  } 
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  
             v=w;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
             w=u;  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
             fv=fw;  {
             fw=fu;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    double **m;
             v=u;  
             fv=fu;    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
           }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
         }    m += NR_END;
   }    m -= nrl;
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  
   *xmin=x;    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   return fx;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
 }    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl] -= ncl;
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    return m;
             double (*func)(double))    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
 {     */
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  }
   double fu;  
    /*************************free matrix ************************/
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  {
   if (*fb > *fa) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  }
       }  
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   while (*fb > *fc) {  {
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    double ***m;
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    m += NR_END;
       fu=(*func)(u);    m -= nrl;
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  
       fu=(*func)(u);    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       if (fu < *fc) {    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    m[nrl] += NR_END;
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    m[nrl] -= ncl;
           }  
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
       u=ulim;  
       fu=(*func)(u);    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     } else {    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
       fu=(*func)(u);    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
     }    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    
       }    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
 }      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
       for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
 /*************** linmin ************************/        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
     }
 int ncom;    return m; 
 double *pcom,*xicom;    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
      */
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  }
 {  
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   double f1dim(double x);  {
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   int j;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  }
   double fx,fb,fa;  
    /***************** f1dim *************************/
   ncom=n;  extern int ncom; 
   pcom=vector(1,n);  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   xicom=vector(1,n);  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   nrfunc=func;   
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double f1dim(double x) 
     pcom[j]=p[j];  { 
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    int j; 
   }    double f;
   ax=0.0;    double *xt; 
   xx=1.0;   
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
 #ifdef DEBUG    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
 #endif    return f; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  } 
     xi[j] *= xmin;  
     p[j] += xi[j];  /*****************brent *************************/
   }  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  { 
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    int iter; 
 }    double a,b,d,etemp;
     double fu,fv,fw,fx;
 /*************** powell ************************/    double ftemp;
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
             double (*func)(double []))    double e=0.0; 
 {   
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
               double (*func)(double []));    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   int i,ibig,j;    x=w=v=bx; 
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
   double fp,fptt;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
   double *xits;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
   pt=vector(1,n);      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
   ptt=vector(1,n);      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
   xit=vector(1,n);      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
   xits=vector(1,n);      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
   *fret=(*func)(p);  #ifdef DEBUG
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
     fp=(*fret);      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
     ibig=0;  #endif
     del=0.0;      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);        *xmin=x; 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)        return fx; 
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);      } 
     printf("\n");      ftemp=fu;
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
       fptt=(*fret);        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
 #ifdef DEBUG        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);        q=2.0*(q-r); 
 #endif        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);        q=fabs(q); 
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);        etemp=e; 
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {        e=d; 
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
         ibig=i;          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
       }        else { 
 #ifdef DEBUG          d=p/q; 
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));          u=x+d; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);        } 
       }      } else { 
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);      } 
       printf("\n");      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
 #endif      fu=(*f)(u); 
     }      if (fu <= fx) { 
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
 #ifdef DEBUG        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
       int k[2],l;          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       k[0]=1;          } else { 
       k[1]=-1;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)              v=w; 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);              w=u; 
       printf("\n");              fv=fw; 
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {              fw=fu; 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];              v=u; 
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);              fv=fu; 
         }            } 
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));          } 
       }    } 
 #endif    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     *xmin=x; 
     return fx; 
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  } 
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  
       return;  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
     }              double (*func)(double)) 
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  { 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    double fu; 
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];   
       pt[j]=p[j];    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
     }    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    if (*fb > *fa) { 
     if (fptt < fp) {      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
       if (t < 0.0) {        } 
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    while (*fb > *fc) { 
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
         }      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
 #ifdef DEBUG      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
         printf("\n");        fu=(*func)(u); 
 #endif      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
       }        fu=(*func)(u); 
     }        if (fu < *fc) { 
   }          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
 }            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
             } 
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
         u=ulim; 
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)        fu=(*func)(u); 
 {      } else { 
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */        fu=(*func)(u); 
       } 
   int i, ii,j,k;      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
   double **matprod2();        } 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  } 
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  /*************** linmin ************************/
   
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  int ncom; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  double *pcom,*xicom;
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     }   
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
    cov[1]=1.;  { 
      double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    double f1dim(double x); 
     newm=savm;    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
      cov[2]=agefin;    int j; 
      double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    double fx,fb,fa;
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];   
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/    ncom=n; 
       }    pcom=vector(1,n); 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    xicom=vector(1,n); 
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    nrfunc=func; 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
       xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    } 
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    ax=0.0; 
     xx=1.0; 
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
     *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
     savm=oldm;  #ifdef DEBUG
     oldm=newm;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     maxmax=0.;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  #endif
       min=1.;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       max=0.;      xi[j] *= xmin; 
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {      p[j] += xi[j]; 
         sumnew=0;    } 
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  } 
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  
       }  /*************** powell ************************/
       maxmin=max-min;  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);              double (*func)(double [])) 
     }  { 
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
       return prlim;                double (*func)(double [])); 
     }    int i,ibig,j; 
   }    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
 }    double fp,fptt;
     double *xits;
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    pt=vector(1,n); 
     ptt=vector(1,n); 
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    xit=vector(1,n); 
 {    xits=vector(1,n); 
   double s1, s2;    *fret=(*func)(p); 
   /*double t34;*/    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       fp=(*fret); 
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){      ibig=0; 
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){      del=0.0; 
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];      fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f",*iter,*fret);
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
       }        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
       ps[i][j]=s2;        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
     }      }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      printf("\n");
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
       ps[i][j]=(s2);        fptt=(*fret); 
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
   }        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   #endif
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
      s1=0;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);          ibig=i; 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);        } 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
   } /* end i */          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){        }
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       ps[ii][jj]=0;          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
       ps[ii][ii]=1;          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
     }        }
   }        printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   #endif
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){      } 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  #ifdef DEBUG
    }        int k[2],l;
     printf("\n ");        k[0]=1;
     }        k[1]=-1;
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   goto end;*/          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
     return ps;          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
 }        }
         printf("\n");
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
 {            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized          }
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   long i, j, k;        }
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  #endif
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
         free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   return out;        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
 }        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
         return; 
       } 
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
 {        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month        pt[j]=p[j]; 
      duration (i.e. until      } 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step      if (fptt < fp) { 
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be        if (t < 0.0) { 
      included manually here.          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
           for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
      */            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
             xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
   int i, j, d, h, k;          }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  #ifdef DEBUG
   double **newm;          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);          }
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);          printf("\n");
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  #endif
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){        }
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){      } 
       newm=savm;    } 
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  } 
       cov[1]=1.;  
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  /**** Prevalence limit (stable prevalence)  ****************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  {
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
   
     int i, ii,j,k;
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/    double **matprod2();
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    double **newm;
       savm=oldm;    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
       oldm=newm;  
     }    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];      }
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  
          */     cov[1]=1.;
       }   
   } /* end h */   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   return po;    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
 }      newm=savm;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */
        cov[2]=agefin;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    
 double func( double *x)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
 {          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];        }
   double **out;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   long ipmx;  
   /*extern weight */        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  
   */      savm=oldm;
   cov[1]=1.;      oldm=newm;
       maxmax=0.;
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){        min=1.;
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];        max=0.;
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)          sumnew=0;
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
         newm=savm;          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {        }
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];        maxmin=max-min;
         }        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
              }
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));        return prlim;
         savm=oldm;      }
         oldm=newm;    }
          }
          
       } /* end mult */  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
        
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  {
       ipmx +=1;    double s1, s2;
       sw += weight[i];    /*double t34;*/
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
     } /* end of wave */  
   } /* end of individual */      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
       for(j=1; j<i;j++){
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];        for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */          /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */          s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   return -l;          /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/
 }        }
         ps[i][j]=s2;
         /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/      }
       for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))        for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 {          s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   int i,j, iter;          /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/
   double **xi,*delti;        }
   double fret;        ps[i][j]=s2;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
   printf("Powell\n");    for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);       s1=0;
       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
         s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
 }      ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
 {        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;      /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   double **hess;    } /* end i */
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;    for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);        ps[ii][jj]=0;
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);        ps[ii][ii]=1;
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;      }
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    }
   
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
     /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){       printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);     }
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);      printf("\n ");
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/      }
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/      printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
   }  /*
      for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    goto end;*/
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {      return ps;
       if (j>i) {  }
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
       }  {
     }    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
   }       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
   printf("\n");    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
        before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
      long i, j, k;
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
   x=vector(1,npar);        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
   indx=ivector(1,npar);          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];    return out;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  }
   
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
     x[j]=1;  
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  {
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
     }       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
   }       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
        nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {       for the memory).
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
     }       included manually here. 
     printf("\n");  
   }       */
   
   /* Recompute Inverse */    int i, j, d, h, k;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    double **newm;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
     /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     x[j]=1;      }
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
       y[i][j]=x[i];      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);        newm=savm;
     }        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     printf("\n");        cov[1]=1.;
   }        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
   */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
   free_vector(x,1,npar);          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  
         /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
 }        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
                      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/        savm=oldm;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        oldm=newm;
 {      }
   int i;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   int l=1, lmax=20;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   double k1,k2;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
   double res;           */
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;        }
   double fx;    } /* end h */
   int k=0,kmax=10;    return po;
   double l1;  }
   
   fx=func(x);  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  double func( double *x)
     l1=pow(10,l);  {
     delts=delt;    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
       delt = delta*(l1*k);    double **out;
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       k1=func(p2)-fx;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;    int s1, s2;
       k2=func(p2)-fx;    double bbh, survp;
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */    long ipmx;
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */    /*extern weight */
          /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
 #ifdef DEBUG    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
 #endif      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */    */
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    cov[1]=1.;
         k=kmax;  
       }    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    if(mle==1){
       }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         delts=delt;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   delti[theta]=delts;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   return res;            }
            for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
 }            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 {              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   int i;            }
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];            savm=oldm;
   int k;            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
   fx=func(x);        
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias and large stepm.
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
             * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. The we inter(extra)polate the
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
     k2=func(p2)-fx;           * from savm to out if bh is neagtive or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
             * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;           */
            s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;          /* bias is positive if real duration
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 #ifdef DEBUG           */
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
 #endif          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   }            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known then the contribution
   return res;               to the likelihood is the probability to die between last step unit time and current 
 }               step unit time, which is also the differences between probability to die before dh 
                and probability to die before dh-stepm . 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
 {          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   int i,imax,j,k;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   double big,dum,sum,temp;          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   double *vv;          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
            introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   vv=vector(1,n);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   *d=1.0;          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
     big=0.0;          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
     vv[i]=1.0/big;          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   }          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {          lower mortality.
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {            */
       sum=a[i][j];            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];          }else{
       a[i][j]=sum;            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     }            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
     big=0.0;          } 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
       sum=a[i][j];          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];          ipmx +=1;
       a[i][j]=sum;          sw += weight[i];
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         big=dum;        } /* end of wave */
         imax=i;      } /* end of individual */
       }    }  else if(mle==2){
     }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     if (j != imax) {        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         dum=a[imax][k];          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         a[j][k]=dum;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       *d = -(*d);            }
       vv[imax]=vv[j];          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
     }            newm=savm;
     indx[j]=imax;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     if (j != n) {              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);            }
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }            savm=oldm;
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */            oldm=newm;
 ;          } /* end mult */
 }        
           /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias and large stepm.
 {           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   double sum;           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
             * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. The we inter(extra)polate the
     ip=indx[i];           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
     sum=b[ip];           * from savm to out if bh is neagtive or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
     b[ip]=b[i];           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     if (ii)           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
     else if (sum) ii=i;           */
     b[i]=sum;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     sum=b[i];          /* bias is positive if real duration
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];           */
   }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
 }          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
           /*lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.-+bh)*out[s1][s2])); */ /* exponential interpolation */
 /************ Frequencies ********************/          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
 {  /* Some frequencies */          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
            ipmx +=1;
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          sw += weight[i];
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   double *pp;        } /* end of wave */
   double pos;      } /* end of individual */
   FILE *ficresp;    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);            }
     exit(0);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   }            newm=savm;
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   j1=0;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   j=cptcoveff;            }
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){            savm=oldm;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){            oldm=newm;
        j1++;          } /* end mult */
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);        
          scanf("%d", i);*/          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias and large stepm.
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)             * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
                   * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. The we inter(extra)polate the
          bool=1;           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
          if  (cptcovn>0) {           * from savm to out if bh is neagtive or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
                bool=0;           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
          }           */
           if (bool==1) {          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass-1; m++){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          /* bias is positive if real duration
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];           */
            }          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); */ /* linear interpolation */
          }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
        }          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          ipmx +=1;
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");          sw += weight[i];
         }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        } /* end of wave */
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);      } /* end of individual */
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
              for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       printf("Total");          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     else            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       printf("Age %d", i);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)            }
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     }            newm=savm;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)            }
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);          
       else            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     }            savm=oldm;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            oldm=newm;
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          } /* end mult */
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        
     }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       pos += pp[jk];          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       if(pos>=1.e-5)          }else{
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
       else          }
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);          ipmx +=1;
       if( i <= (int) agemax){          sw += weight[i];
         if(pos>=1.e-5)          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       else        } /* end of wave */
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);      } /* end of individual */
       }    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     if(i <= (int) agemax)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("\n");              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }            }
     }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
  }            newm=savm;
              cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   fclose(ficresp);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);            }
           
 }  /* End of Freq */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/            savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)          } /* end mult */
 {        
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]          ipmx +=1;
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.          sw += weight[i];
      */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   int i, mi, m;        } /* end of wave */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;      } /* end of individual */
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/    } /* End of if */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   double sum=0.;    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   jmin=1e+5;    return -l;
   jmax=-1;  }
   jmean=0.;  
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     mi=0;  double funcone( double *x)
     m=firstpass;  {
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       if(s[m][i]>=1)    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
         mw[++mi][i]=m;    double **out;
       if(m >=lastpass)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
         break;    int s1, s2;
       else    double bbh, survp;
         m++;    /*extern weight */
     }/* end while */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    */
       mw[mi][i]=m;    cov[1]=1.;
     }  
     for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     wav[i]=mi;  
     if(mi==0)    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   }      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       if (stepm <=0)            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         dh[mi][i]=1;          }
       else{        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {          newm=savm;
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           k=k+1;          }
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           sum=sum+j;          savm=oldm;
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */          oldm=newm;
           }        } /* end mult */
         }        
         else{        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           k=k+1;        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;        /* bias is positive if real duration
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */         */
           sum=sum+j;        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
         }          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         jk= j/stepm;        } else if (mle==1){
         jl= j -jk*stepm;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        } else if(mle==2){
         if(jl <= -ju)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
           dh[mi][i]=jk;        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         else          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */        } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       }          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
     }        } /* End of if */
   }        ipmx +=1;
   jmean=sum/k;        sw += weight[i];
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
  }  /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        if(globpr){
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)          fprintf(ficresilk,"%6d %1d %1d %1d %1d %3d %10.6f %6.4f %10.6f %10.6f %10.6f ", \
 {                  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;          for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) 
   int cptcode=0;            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",ll[k]);
   cptcoveff=0;          fprintf(ficresilk,"\n");
          }
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;      } /* end of wave */
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;    } /* end of individual */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);    return -l;
       Ndum[ij]++;  }
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/  
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  
     }  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpr, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with the selection of individuals/waves and
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
     }       Plotting could be done.
     ij=1;     */
     int k;
     if(globpr !=0){ /* Just counts and sums no printings */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
           ij++;        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         }      }
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;      fprintf(ficresilk, "# individual(line's record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_product_matrix pij weight 2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state");
       }        fprintf(ficresilk, "# i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight out sav ");
     }      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   }        for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
         fprintf(ficresilk," ll[%d]",k);
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;      fprintf(ficresilk,"\n");
     }
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  
       ij=Tvar[i];    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
       Ndum[ij]++;    if(globpr !=0)
     }      fclose(ficresilk);
     return;
  ij=1;  }
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {  
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;  
      ij++;  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
    }  {
  }    int i,j, iter;
      double **xi;
     cptcoveff=ij-1;    double fret;
 }    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
 {        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* Health expectancies */    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
   double age, agelim,hf;    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
   double ***p3mat;    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   
   agelim=AGESUP;    fclose(ficrespow);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  }
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */  
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */  {
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     double **hess;
     int i, j,jk;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    int *indx;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);
         }    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
        void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     hf=1;  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
       }      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);
   }      /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/
 }      /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/
     }
 /************ Variance ******************/    
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
 {      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        if (j>i) { 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
   double **newm;          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
   int k, cptcode;          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
   double *xp;        }
   double **gp, **gm;      }
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;    }
   double ***p3mat;    printf("\n");
   double age,agelim;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   int theta;  
     printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");    
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);    x=vector(1,npar);
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   xp=vector(1,npar);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      x[j]=1;
   agelim = AGESUP;      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;      }
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    }
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      }
       }      printf("\n");
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    /* Recompute Inverse */
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
         }    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       }  
        /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      x[j]=1;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        y[i][j]=x[i];
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
         }        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       }      }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)      printf("\n");
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];    }
         }    */
     } /* End theta */  
     free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(x,1,npar);
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  
   }
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;  double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){  {
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    int i;
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    int l=1, lmax=20;
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);    double k1,k2;
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    double res;
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];    double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
       }    double fx;
     }    int k=0,kmax=10;
     h=1;    double l1;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;  
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );    fx=func(x);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);      l1=pow(10,l);
       }      delts=delt;
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        delt = delta*(l1*k);
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);        k1=func(p2)-fx;
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        k2=func(p2)-fx;
   } /* End age */        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
          res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUG
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
 }  #endif
         /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)          k=kmax;
 {        }
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
   double **newm;        }
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;          delts=delt;
   int k, cptcode;        }
   double *xp;      }
   double *gp, *gm;    }
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    delti[theta]=delts;
   double age,agelim;    return res; 
   int theta;    
      }
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");  
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  {
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    int i;
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    int k;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
      fx=func(x);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   agelim = AGESUP;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      k3=func(p2)-fx;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    
       }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      k4=func(p2)-fx;
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
      #ifdef DEBUG
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  #endif
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    }
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    return res;
   }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
     } /* End theta */  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   { 
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    int i,imax,j,k; 
     double big,dum,sum,temp; 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double *vv; 
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)   
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    vv=vector(1,n); 
     *d=1.0; 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;      big=0.0; 
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     } 
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));        sum=a[i][j]; 
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);        a[i][j]=sum; 
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);      } 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      big=0.0; 
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   } /* End age */        sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        a[i][j]=sum; 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
           big=dum; 
 }          imax=i; 
         } 
       } 
       if (j != imax) { 
 /***********************************************/        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
 /**************** Main Program *****************/          dum=a[imax][k]; 
 /***********************************************/          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           a[j][k]=dum; 
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/        } 
 int main()        *d = -(*d); 
 {        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       } 
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;      indx[j]=imax; 
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;      if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
   double fret;        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
   double **xi,tmp,delta;      } 
     } 
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   double ***p3mat;  ;
   int *indx;  } 
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];  
   char title[MAXLINE];  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];  { 
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];    double sum; 
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];   
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;      ip=indx[i]; 
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */      sum=b[ip]; 
   int c,  h , cpt,l;      b[ip]=b[i]; 
   int ju,jl, mi;      if (ii) 
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;      else if (sum) ii=i; 
        b[i]=sum; 
   int hstepm, nhstepm;    } 
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
   double ftolpl=FTOL;      sum=b[i]; 
   double **prlim;      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   double *severity;      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    } 
   double  *p;  } 
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   double *delti; /* Scale */  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint)
   double ***eij, ***vareij;  {  /* Some frequencies */
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    
   double *epj, vepp;    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";    int first;
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
   char z[1]="c", occ;    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
 #include <sys/time.h>    FILE *ficresp;
 #include <time.h>    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];    
   /* long total_usecs;    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
      strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
     if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64b");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");      exit(0);
     }
 #ifdef windows    freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    j1=0;
   getcwd(pathcd, size);    
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);    j=cptcoveff;
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/  
     first=1;
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);  
   chdir(path);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
   replace(pathc,path);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
 #endif        j1++;
 #ifdef unix        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
   scanf("%s",optionfile);          scanf("%d", i);*/
 #endif        for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
               freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   strcpy(fileres,"r");  
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   /*---------arguments file --------*/          prop[i][m]=0;
         
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {        dateintsum=0;
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);        k2cpt=0;
     goto end;        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
   }          bool=1;
           if  (cptcovn>0) {
   strcpy(filereso,"o");            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   strcat(filereso,fileres);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {                bool=0;
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;          }
   }          if (bool==1){
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     puts(line);                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     fputs(line,ficparo);                if (m<lastpass) {
   }                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                 }
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);                
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                   k2cpt++;
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);                }
   cptcovn=0;                /*}*/
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;            }
           }
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        }
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */         
          /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
   /* Read guess parameters */  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        if  (cptcovn>0) {
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
     puts(line);        }
     fputs(line,ficparo);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
   }          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
          
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)          if(i==iagemax+3){
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          }else{
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            if(first==1){
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);              first=0;
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){              printf("See log file for details...\n");
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);            }
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);          }
       }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
       printf("\n");              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          }
     }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
             if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   p=param[1][1];              if(first==1){
                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            }else{
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              if(first==1)
     puts(line);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     fputs(line,ficparo);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   }            }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
   
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          }       
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);            pos += pp[jk];
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            posprop += prop[jk][i];
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          }
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            if(pos>=1.e-5){
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);              if(first==1)
       }                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
       printf("\n");            }else{
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");              if(first==1)
     }                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   delti=delti3[1][1];            }
              if( i <= iagemax){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              if(pos>=1.e-5){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
     puts(line);              }
     fputs(line,ficparo);              else
   }                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            }
            }
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     printf("%s",str);              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);              if(first==1)
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);              }
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          if(i <= iagemax)
     }            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          if(first==1)
     printf("\n");            printf("Others in log...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   }        }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)      }
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)    }
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
       
   printf("\n");    fclose(ficresp);
     free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
     free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {    /* End of Freq */
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;  }
     }  
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);  /************ Prevalence ********************/
      void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {  {  
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
     }       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     n= lastobs;    */
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);   
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
     num=ivector(1,n);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    double *pp, **prop;
     annais=vector(1,n);    double pos,posprop; 
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     andc=vector(1,n);    int iagemin, iagemax;
     agedc=vector(1,n);  
     cod=ivector(1,n);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
     weight=vector(1,n);    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    j1=0;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    j=cptcoveff;
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
     i=1;    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {        j1++;
                
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           strcpy(line,stra);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);       
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
         }          bool=1;
                  if  (cptcovn>0) {
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
                 bool=0;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          } 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          if (bool==1) { 
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
         }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
         num[i]=atol(stra);                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
                        if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                   prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
         i=i+1;                } 
       }              }
     }            } /* end selection of waves */
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);          }
        scanf("%d",i);*/        }
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
           
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;          } 
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;  
   }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
               if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);              } 
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);            } 
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);          }/* end jk */ 
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);        }/* end i */ 
   Tage=ivector(1,15);            } /* end i1 */
        } /* end k1 */
   if (strlen(model) >1){    
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
     cptcovn=j+1;  }  /* End of prevalence */
     cptcovprod=j1;  
      /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
      
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){  {
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
       goto end;       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
     }       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
           dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');       */
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);  
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    int i, mi, m;
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    int first;
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
           cptcovprod--;    double sum=0.;
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    first=0;
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    jmin=1e+5;
           cptcovage++;    jmax=-1;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    jmean=0.;
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         }      mi=0;
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {      m=firstpass;
           cptcovprod--;      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        if(s[m][i]>=1)
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          mw[++mi][i]=m;
           cptcovage++;        if(m >=lastpass)
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;          break;
         }        else
         else {          m++;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      }/* end while */
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
           Tprod[k1]=i;        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);           /* Only death is a correct wave */
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);        mw[mi][i]=m;
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];      }
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)      wav[i]=mi;
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      if(mi==0){
           k1++;        if(first==0){
           k2=k2+2;          printf("Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
         }          first=1;
       }        }
       else {        if(first==1){
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/        }
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      } /* end mi==0 */
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);    } /* End individuals */
       }  
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);      for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         scanf("%d",i);*/        if (stepm <=0)
     }          dh[mi][i]=1;
 }        else{
            if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
     fclose(fic);              else if(j<0){
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     /*  if(mle==1){*/                j=1; /* Careful Patch */
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview.\n  You MUST fixe the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     }                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview.\n  You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/              }
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);              k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)              if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)              sum=sum+j;
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
          anint[m][i]=9999;              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
          s[m][i]=-1;            }
        }          }
              else{
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);            /*      printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){            k=k+1;
         if(s[m][i] >0){            if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {            else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;
             if(agedc[i]>0)            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];            if(j<0){
             else {              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               if (andc[i]!=9999){              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);            }
               agev[m][i]=-1;            sum=sum+j;
               }          }
             }          jk= j/stepm;
           }          jl= j -jk*stepm;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)            if(jl==0){
               agev[m][i]=1;              dh[mi][i]=jk;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){              bh[mi][i]=0;
               agemin=agev[m][i];            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/                    * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
             }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){              bh[mi][i]=ju;
               agemax=agev[m][i];            }
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/          }else{
             }            if(jl <= -ju){
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/              dh[mi][i]=jk;
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
           }                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           else { /* =9 */                                   */
             agev[m][i]=1;            }
             s[m][i]=-1;            else{
           }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
         }              bh[mi][i]=ju;
         else /*= 0 Unknown */            }
           agev[m][i]=1;            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
       }              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
                  bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
     }              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            }
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          } /* end if mle */
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {        }
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");        } /* end wave */
           goto end;    }
         }    jmean=sum/k;
       }    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);
    }
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);  
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);  {
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);    
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    int cptcode=0;
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);    cptcoveff=0; 
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);   
     free_vector(andc,1,n);    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum 
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);                                 modality*/ 
            ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
     /* Concatenates waves */        Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable 
                                          Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and 
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);                                         female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);      }
       ncodemax[1]=1;  
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);      for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
              if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);      }
    h=0;  
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);      ij=1; 
        for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){        for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; 
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){            /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
            h++;            
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;            ij++;
          }          }
        }          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
      }        }  
    }      } 
     }  
   
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){   for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){  
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);   for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { 
      }     /* Listing of all covariables in staement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
      printf("\n");     ij=Tvar[i];
    }     Ndum[ij]++;
    scanf("%d",i);*/   }
      
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age   ij=1;
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
        Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */       ij++;
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */     }
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */   }
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */   
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */   cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
        }
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]  
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  
   void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )
     if(mle==1){  
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);  {
     }    /* Health expectancies */
        int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    double age, agelim, hf;
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);    double ***p3mat,***varhe;
        double **dnewm,**doldm;
    jk=1;    double *xp;
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");    double **gp, **gm;
    printf("# Parameters\n");    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    int theta;
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){  
        if (k != i)    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
          {    xp=vector(1,npar);
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
              jk++;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
            printf("\n");        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
          }  
      }    if(estepm < stepm){
    }      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
  if(mle==1){    }
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    else  hstepm=estepm;   
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
  }     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
     printf("# Scales\n");     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
         if (j!=i) {     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
             jk++;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
           }       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
           printf("\n");       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
         }    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
       }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
       }       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
           you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     k=1;       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    */
     printf("# Covariance\n");    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    agelim=AGESUP;
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       printf("%3d",i);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       }      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       printf("\n");  
       k++;      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
     }         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){   
       ungetc(c,ficpar);  
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       puts(line);  
       fputs(line,ficparo);      /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */
     }  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
            }
     if (fage <= 2) {        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       bage = agemin;    
       fage = agemax;        cptj=0;
     }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");            cptj=cptj+1;
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);            for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
                }
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/          }
 chdir(pathcd);        }
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {       
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;       
   }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) 
 #ifdef windows          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
 #endif        
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);        cptj=0;
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
  /* 1eme*/          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {            cptj=cptj+1;
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {            for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   
 #ifdef windows              gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            }
 #endif          }
 #ifdef unix        }
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate*nlstate; j++)
 #endif          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          }
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       } 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");     
 }  /* End theta */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
 }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
 #ifdef unix          varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");  
 #endif       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
    }       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
   }        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
   /*2 eme*/          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);            for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
                  varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {        }
       k=2*i;      }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      /* Computing expectancies */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
 }              eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");            
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          }
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
 }        cptj=0;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          cptj++;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        }
 }        fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");     
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     }      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   }      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   /*3eme*/    }
     printf("\n");
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
       }  }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  
     }  /************ Variance ******************/
   }  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav)
    {
   /* CV preval stat */    /* Variance of health expectancies */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    /* double **newm;*/
       k=3;    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    int k, cptcode;
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    double *xp;
          double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    double ***p3mat;
       }    double age,agelim, hf;
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      double ***mobaverage;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    int theta;
     }    char digit[4];
   }    char digitp[25];
   
   /* proba elementaires */    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    if(popbased==1){
       if (k != i) {      if(mobilav!=0)
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/    }
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);    else 
           jk++;      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");  
         }    if (mobilav!=0) {
       }      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     }        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {      }
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);    }
    i=1;  
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
      k3=i;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
        if (k != k2){    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
 ij=1;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
             ij++;    }
           }    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
           else    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
         }    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
              fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
 ij=1;    }  
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);
             ij++;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);
           }      exit(0);
           else    }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    else{
           }      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
           fprintf(ficgp,")");    }
         }    if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);      printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);
         i=i+ncovmodel;      exit(0);
        }    }
      }    else{
    }      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   }    }
        varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   fclose(ficgp);  
        fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");
 chdir(path);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
      
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    xp=vector(1,npar);
        dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
        doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_ivector(num,1,n);    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(weight,1,n);  
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     fclose(ficparo);    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     fclose(ficres);    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     /*  }*/    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
        
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/    if(estepm < stepm){
          printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
      else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     puts(line);       and note for a fixed period like k years */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
         you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);    */
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/    agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   }      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.64b </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>  
 Total number of observations=%d <br>      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n        }
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>  
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>        if (popbased==1) {
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>          if(mobilav ==0){
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");          }
         }
  m=cptcoveff;    
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
  j1=0;            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          }
        j1++;        }
        if (cptcovn > 0) {        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)           as a weighted average of prlim.
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);        */
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        }          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);            }    
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){        /* end probability of death */
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>  
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
        }          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>   
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          if (popbased==1) {
      }          if(mobilav ==0){
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
      }            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>          }
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);        }
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  
    }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
  }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
 fclose(fichtm);            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/          }
          }
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {           as a weighted average of prlim.
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        */
   }        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");        }    
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);        /* end probability of death */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          }
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
   k=0;        }
   agebase=agemin;  
   agelim=agemax;      } /* End theta */
   ftolpl=1.e-10;  
   i1=cptcoveff;      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}  
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
         k=k+1;            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/  
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");    
          
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);  
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         }        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
       }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
     }          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   fclose(ficrespl);          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
                vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);        }
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {      }
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    
   }      /* pptj */
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
        matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
   agelim=AGESUP;      /* end ppptj */
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      /*  x centered again */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   k=0;   
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      if (popbased==1) {
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        if(mobilav ==0){
       k=k+1;          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
                }
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      }
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */               
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;         as a weighted average of prlim.
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        */
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);      }    
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      /* end probability of death */
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
           }        }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      } 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         }  
     }      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
   }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   fclose(ficrespij);          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   }    } /* End age */
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   }  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev);
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",fileresprobmorprev,fileresprobmorprev);
   }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,digitp,optionfilefiname,digit);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   k=0;    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
       k=k+1;    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    fclose(ficgp);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);    fclose(fichtm);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");  }  /* end varevsij */
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);  {
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    double **newm;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    int k, cptcode;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    double *xp;
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    double *gp, *gm;
          double **gradg, **trgradg;
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    double age,agelim;
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    int theta;
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");     
            fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of stable prevalences \n");
       hf=1;    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);    xp=vector(1,npar);
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];    
           }    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
         }    agelim = AGESUP;
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
         }      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  
       }      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
   }          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
                }
  fclose(ficreseij);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  fclose(ficresvij);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   fclose(ficrest);          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   fclose(ficpar);      
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");  
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);      } /* End theta */
     exit(0);  
   }      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
  k=0;        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
      k=k+1;      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);  
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    }        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
  }      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
   fclose(ficresvpl);      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    } /* End age */
    
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
    
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  }
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)
    {
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
      int k=0,l, cptcode;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    int first=1, first1;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
   printf("End of Imach\n");    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */    double *xp;
      double *gp, *gm;
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    double **gradg, **trgradg;
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/    double **mu;
   /*------ End -----------*/    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
  end:    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #ifdef windows    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
  chdir(pathcd);    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #endif  
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    double ***varpij;
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/  
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
 #ifdef windows      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
   while (z[0] != 'q') {      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     chdir(pathcd);    }
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     scanf("%s",z);    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       chdir(path);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       system(optionfilehtm);    }
     }    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
   }    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
 #endif      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
 }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
    xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);
       exit(0);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     }
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing matrix of variance-covariance of step probabilities</h4></li>\n");
       fprintf(fichtm,"\nWe have drawn ellipsoids of confidence around the p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf> to understand the covariance between two incidences. They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> We have drawn x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 where x is the column vector (pij,pkl). It means that if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2X2) matrix would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 standard deviations wide on each axis. <br> When both incidences are correlated we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix and made the appropriate rotation.<br> \n");
   
     }
   
     cov[1]=1;
     tj=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         j1++;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtm, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtm, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
           gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
           free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i=i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
   
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtm," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(fichtm);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
     /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files (first order: no variance)</h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n \
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n \
    - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n \
    - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n</li>", \
     jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,fileres,fileres,stepm,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: pe%s%d1.png<br> \
   <img src=\"pe%s%d1.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: pe%s%d2.png<br> \
   <img src=\"pe%s%d2.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1); 
          /* Stable prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br> \
   <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br> \
   <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><li><h4> Result files (second order: variances)</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n\
    - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcov%s\">probcov%s</a> <br>\n\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcor%s\">probcor%s</a> <br>\n\
    - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n\
    - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n\
    - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
   fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and period prevalence (with confident\
   interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);  
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   fclose(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
       fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stable prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
           
         } 
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fclose(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int jj;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[132],pathc[132],pathcd[132],pathtot[132],model[132];
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
   
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
   
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   #include <sys/time.h>
   #include <time.h>
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
     char *strt, *strtend;
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
     long total_usecs;
     struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time;
     struct timezone tzp;
     extern int gettimeofday();
     struct tm tmg, tm, *gmtime(), *localtime();
     long time_value;
     extern long time();
    
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strt=asctime(&tm);
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strt); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strt);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strt=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strt); 
   */
   
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 132)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("pathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     replace(pathc,path);
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strt); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Localtime (at start)=%s",strt); 
     fflush(ficlog);
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     
     /* Read guess parameters */
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       j=0;
       for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
         if(jj==i) continue;
         j++;
         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
         if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
           exit(1);
         }
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           else
             fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }  
     fflush(ficlog);
   
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
   
     p=param[1][1];
     
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     /* delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
         if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
           exit(1);
         }
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
           printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       }
     }
     fflush(ficlog);
   
     delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
     /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
     matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
       if(mle==1)
         printf("%s",str);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
       for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
         if(mle==1){
           printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
       }
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
       numlinepar++;
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
     }
     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
       for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
         matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
      
     if(mle==1)
       printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     fflush(ficlog);
   
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/
     strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
     strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
     strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
     strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
       
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
     }
   
     n= lastobs;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
     i=1;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {
           
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb); 
           strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         }
           
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         } 
         lstra=strlen(stra);
         if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
           stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
           num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
         }
         else
           num[i]=atol(stra);
           
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
           printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
   
         i=i+1;
       }
     }
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
        scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1; 
        printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
     
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)
    
      /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
        else weight[i]=1;*/
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/
     Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; 
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
   
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {  /* Age is not in the model */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2]; 
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++) 
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);
     fclose(fic);*/
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
     }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a
                                    month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){ 
               agemin=agev[m][i];
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
               agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           goto end;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     Tcode=ivector(1,100);
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
             h++;
             if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);
   
       pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get ipmx number of contributions and sum of weights*/
     likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
     printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
     for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
       printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
     printf("\n");
     globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
     likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
     printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
     for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
       printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
     printf("\n");
     if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
     }
       
     /*--------- results files --------------*/
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
     
   
     jk=1;
     fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) 
           {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
       }
     }
     if(mle!=0){
       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
       ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
       hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
     }
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if (j!=i) {
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
             jk++;
           }
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
      
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
     if(mle==1)
       printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
     for(i=1,k=1;i<=npar;i++){
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;
           i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1; 
           fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);
           printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);
       */
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);
       if(mle==1)
         printf("%3d",i);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%3d",i);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
         if(mle==1)
           printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       k++;
     }
      
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     estepm=0;
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
     if (fage <= 2) {
       bage = ageminpar;
       fage = agemaxpar;
     }
      
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
      
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
     fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
     fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
     fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
     printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
     fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
      
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
   
     dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
     dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
     fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
     fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
     
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
     fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
     printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
     fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
     fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
     /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
   
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);
     fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);
     fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);
   
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);
     /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
   
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     fclose(ficgp);
     printinggnuplot(fileres, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a></ul>\n",\
             version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,\
             model,imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot);
     fclose(fichtm);
   
     printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                  model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                  jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
    
     /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
     chdir(path);
    
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
     free_lvector(num,1,n);
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);
     /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
     fclose(ficparo);
     fclose(ficres);
   
   
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
     strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
     strcat(filerespl,fileres);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Stable prevalence \n");
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
     prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
     ftolpl=1.e-10;
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
         printf("\n#******");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
     fclose(ficrespl);
   
     /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
     strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
     if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
   
     fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
   
     varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);
   
     fclose(ficrespij);
   
     probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
     /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
     if(prevfcast==1){
       /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
   /*      }  */
   /*      else{ */
   /*        erreur=108; */
   /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
   /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
   /*      } */
     }
     
   
     /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
     strcpy(filerest,"t");
     strcat(filerest,fileres);
     if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
     strcpy(filerese,"e");
     strcat(filerese,fileres);
     if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
     strcpy(fileresv,"v");
     strcat(fileresv,fileres);
     if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
     /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
     prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
   ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     */
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1; 
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);  
    
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav);
         if(popbased==1){
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav);
         }
   
    
         fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
         for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
         epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
         for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
           if (popbased==1) {
             if(mobilav ==0){
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
             }else{ /* mobilav */ 
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
             }
           }
           
           fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
           for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
             for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
               epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
               /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
             }
             epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
           }
   
           for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
               vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
           }
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
         }
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
       }
     }
     free_vector(weight,1,n);
     free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
     free_ivector(cod,1,n);
     free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficreseij);
     fclose(ficresvij);
     fclose(ficrest);
     fclose(ficpar);
     
     /*------- Variance of stable prevalence------*/   
   
     strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
     strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
     if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with variance of stable prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
       exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of stable prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);
         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
       }
     }
   
     fclose(ficresvpl);
   
     /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
     free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     
     free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
     free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
     /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
     free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
     free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
     free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
     free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
     free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
     free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
     free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
   
     /*  fclose(fichtm);*/
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/ /* ALready done */
     
   
     if(erreur >0){
       printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);
     }else{
      printf("End of Imach\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strtend=asctime(&tm);
     printf("Localtime at start %s and at end=%s",strt, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Localtime at start %s and at end=%s",strt, strtend); 
     /*  printf("Total time used %d Sec\n", asc_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);*/
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
     end:
   #ifdef windows
     /* chdir(pathcd);*/
   #endif 
    /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/
    /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
     strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
     strcat(plotcmd," ");
     strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
     system(plotcmd);
     printf(" Wait...");
   
    /*#ifdef windows*/
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
       if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");
       else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     /*#endif */
   }
   
   

Removed from v.1.12  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.85


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